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						<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Germany</span></h1>
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				<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="dablink">This article is about the country.  For other uses of terms redirecting here, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_(disambiguation)" title="Germany (disambiguation)">Germany (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland_(disambiguation)" title="Deutschland (disambiguation)">Deutschland (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em; font-size:88%;">
<tbody><tr class="adr">
<th colspan="3" align="center" class="mergedtoprow" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><span class="fn org country-name">Federal Republic of Germany</span>
<div style="padding-top:0.25em;"><span lang="de"><i>Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i></span></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<td class="maptable" colspan="3" align="center" style="padding:0.5em 0;">
<table align="center" style="width:100%;background:none;">
<tbody><tr>
<td align="center" style="width:58%; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/125px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="125" height="75" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/188px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/250px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x"></a></td>
<td align="center" style="width:auto;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Germany.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of Germany"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Germany.svg.png" width="85" height="111" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_Arms_of_Germany.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_Arms_of_Germany.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x"></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></td>
<td align="center" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;"><b>Motto:&nbsp;</b>
<div class="plainlist">
<ul>
<li><span lang="de">"Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit"</span>&nbsp;<span class="languageicon" style="font-size:81%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></li>
<li><small style="font-size:85%;">"Unity and Justice and Freedom"</small></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="anthem" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;"><b>Anthem:&nbsp;</b>
<div class="plainlist">
<ul>
<li>Third <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanza</a> of</li>
<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Das Lied der Deutschen</a></i>&nbsp;<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-CIA-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> <small style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Song of the Germans</i>)</small></li>
</ul>
</div>
<br>
<center>
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</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_Germany#Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Coat of Arms of Germany" class="mw-redirect">Bundesadler</a></b><br>
<div class="plainlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesadler_Bundesorgane.svg" class="image" title="Coat of Arms of the German Government"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the German Government" src="./germany_files/90px-Bundesadler_Bundesorgane.svg.png" width="90" height="84" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bundesadler_Bundesorgane.svg/135px-Bundesadler_Bundesorgane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bundesadler_Bundesorgane.svg/180px-Bundesadler_Bundesorgane.svg.png 2x"></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="padding:0.6em 0 0.3em;text-align:center;">
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Germany.svg" class="image" title="Location of  Germany  (dark green)– in Europe  (green &amp; dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)  —  [Legend]"><img alt="Location of  Germany  (dark green)– in Europe  (green &amp; dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)  —  [Legend]" src="./germany_files/250px-EU-Germany.svg.png" width="250" height="210" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/375px-EU-Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/500px-EU-Germany.svg.png 2x"></a></div>
</div>
<div style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;">
<div style="text-align:center;font-size:11px;line-height:1.15em;"><span style="font-size:11px;">Location of <span style="font-size:2px;">&nbsp;</span><strong class="selflink">Germany</strong><span style="font-size:8px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">dark green</span>)</span>
<p style="width:250px;font-size:11px;text-align:left;margin-left:1.2ex;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">–&nbsp;in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">green &amp;&nbsp;dark grey</span>)<br>
–&nbsp;in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">green</span>)&nbsp; —&nbsp; [<span style="font-size:10px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Germany.svg" title="File:EU-Germany.svg">Legend</a></span>]</p>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<td colspan="2"><b>Capital</b><br>
and largest city</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><br>
<span style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:85%;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><img src="./germany_files/17px-WMA_button2b.png" class="wmamapbutton noprint" title="Show location on an interactive map" alt="" style="padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; cursor: pointer;"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Germany&params=52_31_N_13_23_E_type:country" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°31′N</span> <span class="longitude">13°23′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">﻿ / ﻿</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.517°N 13.383°E</span><span style="display:none">﻿ / <span class="geo">52.517; 13.383</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;">Official languages</th>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_a"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#endnote_a">[1]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b>Ethnic&nbsp;groups</b></td>
<td>
<div class="plainlist">
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap">81% <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a><sup id="cite_ref-pop_2-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-pop-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">7% other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a></span></li>
<li>4% <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Turks</a></li>
<li>2% <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a></li>
<li>6% others</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Government</a></th>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federal</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_republic" title="Constitutional republic" class="mw-redirect">constitutional republic</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic_of_Germany)" title="Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)" class="mw-redirect">Chancellor</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag" title="President of the Bundestag">President of the Bundestag</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Lammert" title="Norbert Lammert">Norbert Lammert</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundesrat" title="President of the Bundesrat" class="mw-redirect">President of the Bundesrat</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfried_Kretschmann" title="Winfried Kretschmann">Winfried Kretschmann</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2">Legislature</th>
<td>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<th colspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Formation</a></th>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td>
<td>2 February 962&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification</a></td>
<td>18 January 1871&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Federal Republic</a></td>
<td>23 May 1949&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></td>
<td>3 October 1990&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<th colspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Area</a></th>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td>
<td>357,021&nbsp;km<sup><small>2</small></sup> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">63rd</a>)<br>
137,847&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Water&nbsp;(%)</td>
<td>2.416</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<th colspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Population</a></th>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">2012&nbsp;estimate</td>
<td>80,399,300<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" title="List of countries by population">16th</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">2011&nbsp;census</td>
<td>80,219,695<sup id="cite_ref-File_2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-File_2013-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" title="List of countries by population">16th</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Density</td>
<td>225/km<sup><small>2</small></sup> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_density" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density">58th</a>)<br>
583/sq&nbsp;mi</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></b>&nbsp;(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td>
<td>2012&nbsp;estimate</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td>
<td>$3.197 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_8-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-IMF-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">5th</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Per capita</td>
<td>$39,028<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_8-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-IMF-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">17th</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></b>&nbsp;(nominal)</td>
<td>2012&nbsp;estimate</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td>
<td>$3.401 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_8-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-IMF-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">4th</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Per capita</td>
<td>$41,513<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_8-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-IMF-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">22nd</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a></b>&nbsp;(2011)</td>
<td>29.0<sup id="cite_ref-eurogini_9-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-eurogini-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><br>
<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:forestgreen">low</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a></b> (2013)</td>
<td><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="./germany_files/11px-Increase2.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x"></span>&nbsp;0.920<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><br>
<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">5th</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">Currency</th>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>) (<code><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a></code>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<th colspan="2">Time zone</th>
<td>CET <span class="nowrap">(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&nbsp;-&nbsp;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Summer&nbsp;(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</td>
<td>CEST&nbsp;(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2">Drives on the</th>
<td>right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Germany" title="Telephone numbers in Germany">Calling code</a></th>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Germany" title="Telephone numbers in Germany">+49</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:DE" title="ISO 3166-2:DE">DE</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de" title=".de">.de</a>&nbsp;<sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_b"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#endnote_b">[2]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr style="font-size:xx-small;">
<td align="right"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><sup>a.</sup></span></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0;"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#ref_a">^</a></b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romany</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a> are officially recognised by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML)</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="font-size:xx-small;" class="mergedbottomrow">
<td align="right"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><sup>b.</sup></span></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0;"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#ref_b">^</a></b></span> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a> domain is also used, as it is shared with other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b>Germany</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="noexcerpt"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/En-uk-Germany.ogg" title="Listen"><img alt="Listen" src="./germany_files/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x"></a><sup><span style="color: #00e; font: bold 80% sans-serif; padding: 0 .1em;" class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-uk-Germany.ogg" title="File:En-uk-Germany.ogg">i</a></span></sup></span><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/dʒ/ &#39;j&#39; in &#39;jam&#39;" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">dʒ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ɜr/ &#39;ir&#39; in &#39;bird&#39;" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ɜr</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="&#39;m&#39; in &#39;my&#39;" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">m</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ə/ &#39;a&#39; in &#39;about&#39;" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ə</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="&#39;n&#39; in &#39;nigh&#39;" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">n</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/i/ &#39;y&#39; in &#39;happy&#39;" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">i</span></a></span><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <span lang="de"><i>Deutschland</i></span>), officially the <b>Federal Republic of Germany</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <span lang="de"><i>Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i></span>, <small>pronounced</small> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_German" title="Help:IPA for German">[ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant]</a></span><small class="nowrap">&nbsp;(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg" title="File:De-Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="13" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/26px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x"></a> <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg" class="internal" title="De-Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg">listen</a>)</small>),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">central Europe</a>. The country consists of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">16 states</a> and its capital and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">largest city</a> is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Germany covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres (137,847&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 80.3&nbsp;million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Germany is the major economic and political power of the European continent and a historic leader in many theoretical and technical fields.</p>
<p>Germany is the world's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">fifth-largest by purchasing power parity</a>. As a global leader in several industrial and technological sectors, it is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">second-largest exporter</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">third-largest importer</a> of goods. The country ranks highly in many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_Germany" title="International rankings of Germany">international metrics of performance</a>, has developed a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">very high standard of living</a>, and features a comprehensive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security" title="Social security">social security</a> system, which includes the world's oldest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system. Known for its rich <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">cultural</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">political</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">history</a>, Germany has been the home of many influential <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">philosophers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">music composers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">scientists, and inventors</a>.</p>
<p>In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Era</a>, what is now the Federal Republic of Germany and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> was occupied by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, and others. The Germanic population was largely restricted to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and various <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> islands. By the time they first entered the historical record in the 4th Century BC (in the writings of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>), they had begun to migrate across the Baltic. Tribes such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> and Winnili (later known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>) displaced the Balts, and soon came to the attention of the expanding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. A region named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, inhabited by several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">documented</a> before AD&nbsp;100. During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, the Germanic tribes expanded southward and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe.</p>
<p>Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> while southern and western areas (most notably <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>) remained dominated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" title="Roman Catholicism" class="mw-redirect">Roman Catholicism</a>, with the two factions clashing in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years&#39; War">Thirty Years' War</a>, marking the beginning of the Catholic–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant" title="Protestant" class="mw-redirect">Protestant</a> divide that has characterised German society ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-georgetown1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-georgetown1-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Occupied during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the rise of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a> inside the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> resulted in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of most of the German states</a> in 1871 into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, which was dominated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>.</p>
<p>After the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919" class="mw-redirect">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a> and the subsequent military surrender in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> in 1918, with some of its territory partitioned in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. Despite its lead in many scientific and cultural fields at this time, Germany endured significant economic and political instability, which intensified during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and contributed to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machtergreifung" title="Machtergreifung">the establishment</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a> in 1933. The subsequent rise of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> lead to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, which devastated the country and much of Europe. Following the war's end in 1945, Germany was divided by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">allied occupation</a> and evolved into two states, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, which were at the centre of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. In 1990, amidst the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, the country was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunified</a>.</p>
<p>Germany was a founding member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Community</a> in 1957, which became the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> in 1993. It is part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>, and has been a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_area" title="Euro area" class="mw-redirect">euro area</a> since 1999. Germany is considered a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> in regional and global affairs, and is a member of several international institutions, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies" title="G-20 major economies">G20</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. It took a non-permanent seat on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> for the 2011–2012 term.</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle">&nbsp;[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Germanic_tribes_and_Frankish_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Germanic tribes and Frankish Empire</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Holy_Roman_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Holy Roman Empire</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#German_Confederation_and_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">German Confederation and Empire</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Weimar_Republic_and_Nazi_Regime"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Weimar Republic and Nazi Regime</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#East_and_West_Germany"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">East and West Germany</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#German_reunification_and_the_EU"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">German reunification and the EU</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Biodiversity"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Biodiversity</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Law"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Law</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Constituent_states"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Constituent states</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Foreign_relations"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign relations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Military"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Infrastructure</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Science_and_technology"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Science and technology</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Languages"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Languages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Education"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Health"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Health</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Art"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Art</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Music"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Literature_and_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Literature and philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Media"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">7.6</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">7.7</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names of Germany</a></div>
<p>The English word <i>Germany</i> derives from the Latin <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, which came into use after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> adopted it for the peoples east of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> term <i>Deutschland</i> (originally <i>diutisciu land</i>, "the German lands") is derived from <i><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deutsch#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:deutsch">deutsch</a></i>, descended from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <i>diutisc</i> "popular" (i.e. belonging to the <i>diot</i> or <i>diota</i> "people"), originally used to distinguish the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">language of the common people</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance descendants</a>. This in turn descends from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic" title="Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Germanic/%C3%BEiudiskaz" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Germanic/þiudiskaz">*<i>þiudiskaz</i></a> "popular" (see also the Latinised form <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodiscus" title="Theodiscus">Theodiscus</a>), derived from <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Germanic/%C3%BEeud%C5%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Germanic/þeudō">*<i>þeudō</i></a>, descended from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/tewt%C3%A9h%E2%82%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/tewtéh₂">*<i>tewtéh₂-</i></a> "people".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Germanic_tribes_and_Frankish_Empire">Germanic tribes and Frankish Empire</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></div>
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Basic view of second- to fifth-century migrations</div>
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<p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">thought to date from</a> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a>. From southern Scandinavia and north Germany, they expanded south, east and west from the 1st century&nbsp;BC, coming into contact with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt" title="Celt" class="mw-redirect">Celtic</a> tribes of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peoples" title="Slavic peoples" class="mw-redirect">Slavic</a> tribes in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the Roman General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Publius Quinctilius Varus</a> began to invade Germania (an area extending roughly from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>). In AD&nbsp;9, three <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> led by Varus were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">defeated</a> by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheruscan" title="Cheruscan" class="mw-redirect">Cheruscan</a> leader <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>. By AD&nbsp;100, when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> wrote <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i>, Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a>), occupying most of the area of modern Germany; Austria, southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and the western <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, however, were Roman provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-9-13_17-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-9-13-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In the 3rd century a number of large West Germanic tribes emerged: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a>. Around 260, the Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> After the invasion of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved further south-west. Simultaneously several large tribes formed in what is now Germany and displaced the smaller Germanic tribes. Large areas (known since the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian" title="Merovingian" class="mw-redirect">Merovingian</a> period as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a>) were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">occupied by the Franks</a>, and Northern Germany was ruled by the Saxons and Slavs.<sup id="cite_ref-9-13_17-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-9-13-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Holy_Roman_Empire">Holy Roman Empire</span></h3>
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<div class="thumbimage"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_(189)2.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/160px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_(189)2.JPG" width="160" height="180" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28189%292.JPG/240px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28189%292.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28189%292.JPG/320px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28189%292.JPG 2x"></a></div>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire">Imperial Crown</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">kings</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div>
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<div class="thumbimage"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_ca.1600.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/160px-Holy_Roman_Empire_ca.1600.svg.png" width="160" height="99" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Holy_Roman_Empire_ca.1600.svg/240px-Holy_Roman_Empire_ca.1600.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Holy_Roman_Empire_ca.1600.svg/320px-Holy_Roman_Empire_ca.1600.svg.png 2x"></a></div>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">Map of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> of German Nation</i> in 1600 (in today's state borders)</div>
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<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div>
<p>On 25 December 800, the Frankish king <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> was crowned emperor and founded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>, which was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">divided in 843</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-f11_19-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-f11-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> The Holy Roman Empire resulted from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">eastern portion</a> of this division. Its territory stretched from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eider_River" title="Eider River" class="mw-redirect">Eider River</a> in the north to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> coast in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-f11_19-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-f11-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Under the reign of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian" title="Ottonian" class="mw-redirect">Ottonian</a> emperors (919–1024), several major <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_duchy" title="Stem duchy">duchies</a> were consolidated, and the German king was crowned <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> of these regions in 962. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_(historical_region)" title="Burgundy (historical region)" class="mw-redirect">Burgundy</a> under the reign of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salian" title="Salian" class="mw-redirect">Salian</a> emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a>.</p>
<p>Under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" title="House of Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> emperors (1138–1254), the German princes increased their influence further south and east into territories inhabited by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peoples" title="Slavic peoples" class="mw-redirect">Slavs</a>, preceding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_German_settlement_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe">German settlement</a> in these areas and further east <i>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a>)</i>. Northern German towns grew prosperous as members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> Starting with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317" class="mw-redirect">Great Famine</a> in 1315, then the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> of 1348–50, the population of Germany plummeted.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> The edict of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1356" title="Golden Bull of 1356">Golden Bull</a> in 1356 provided the basic constitution of the empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-electors</a> who ruled some of the most powerful principalities and archbishoprics.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_by_Lucas_Cranach_der_%C3%84ltere.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="./germany_files/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""></a></div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> initiated the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></div>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> publicised <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ninety-Five_Theses" title="The Ninety-Five Theses">The Ninety-Five Theses</a> in 1517 in Wittenberg, challenging the Roman Catholic Church and initiating the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. A separate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> church became the official religion in many German states after 1530. Religious conflict led to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years&#39; War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648), which devastated German lands.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> The population of the German states was reduced by about 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> (1648) ended religious warfare among the German states, but the empire was <i>de facto</i> divided into numerous independent principalities. In the 18th century, the Holy Roman Empire consisted of approximately 1,800 such <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of states in the Holy Roman Empire">territories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>From 1740 onwards, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_dualism" title="German dualism" class="mw-redirect">dualism</a> between the Austrian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Monarchy" title="Habsburg Monarchy">Habsburg Monarchy</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> dominated German history. In 1806, the <i>Imperium</i> was overrun and dissolved as a result of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="German_Confederation_and_Empire">German Confederation and Empire</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wernerprokla.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/220px-Wernerprokla.jpg" width="220" height="163" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wernerprokla.jpg/330px-Wernerprokla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wernerprokla.jpg/440px-Wernerprokla.jpg 2x"></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wernerprokla.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="./germany_files/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""></a></div>
Foundation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a>, 1871. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a> is at the centre in a white uniform</div>
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<p>Following the fall of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> convened in 1814 and founded the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund), a loose league of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">39 sovereign states</a>. Disagreement with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Restoration" title="European Restoration" class="mw-redirect">restoration</a> politics partly led to the rise of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">liberal</a> movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a>. The <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a></i>, a tariff union, furthered economic unity in the German states.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">National</a> and liberal ideals of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> gained increasing support among many, especially young, Germans. In the light of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">series of revolutionary movements in Europe</a>, which established a republic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">in France</a>, intellectuals and commoners started the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the German states">Revolutions of 1848 in the German states</a>. King <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV of Prussia</a> was offered the title of Emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, leading to a temporary setback for the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-state_28-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-state-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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Imperial Germany (1871–1918), with the dominant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> in blue</div>
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<p>Conflict between King <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a> of Prussia and the increasingly liberal parliament erupted over military reforms in 1862, and the king appointed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> the new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia">Minister President of Prussia</a>. Bismarck successfully waged <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">war on Denmark</a> in 1864. Prussian victory in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> of 1866 enabled him to create the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (Norddeutscher Bund) and to exclude <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, formerly the leading German state, from the federation's affairs. After the French defeat in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, the German Empire was proclaimed in 1871 in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a>, uniting all scattered parts of Germany except Austria (<span lang="de"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_question" title="German question">Kleindeutschland</a></i></span>, or "Lesser Germany").</p>
<p>With almost two-thirds of its territory and population, Prussia was the dominating constituent of the new state; the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> King of Prussia ruled as its concurrent Emperor, and Berlin became its capital.<sup id="cite_ref-state_28-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-state-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> In the <span lang="de"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></i></span> period following the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a>, Bismarck's foreign policy as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> under Emperor William I secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances, isolating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> by diplomatic means, and avoiding war. Under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>, however, Germany, like other European powers, took an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">imperialistic</a> course leading to friction with neighbouring countries. As a result of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> in 1884 Germany claimed several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_German_colonies" title="List of former German colonies">colonies</a> including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_South-West_Africa" title="German South-West Africa">German South-West Africa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togo</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> Most alliances in which Germany had previously been involved were not renewed, and new alliances excluded the country.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">assassination</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Austria's crown prince</a> on 28 June 1914 triggered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Germany, as part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, suffered defeat against the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">one of the bloodiest</a> conflicts of all time. An estimated two million German soldiers died in World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919" class="mw-redirect">German Revolution</a> broke out in November 1918, and Emperor Wilhelm II and all German ruling princes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdicated</a>. An <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany" title="Armistice with Germany">armistice</a> ended the war on 11 November, and Germany was forced to sign the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in June 1919. The treaty was perceived in Germany as a humiliating continuation of the war, and is often cited as an influence in the rise of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Weimar_Republic_and_Nazi_Regime">Weimar Republic and Nazi Regime</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></div>
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<p>At the beginning of the German Revolution in November 1918, Germany was declared a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>. However, the struggle for power continued, with radical-left <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communists" title="Communists" class="mw-redirect">Communists</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">seizing power in Bavaria</a>. The revolution came to an end on 11 August 1919, when the democratic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a> was signed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> An era of increasing national confidence, a very liberal cultural life and decade of economic prosperity followed - known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Twenties" title="Golden Twenties">Golden Twenties</a>. Suffering from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of 1929, the harsh peace conditions dictated by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, and a long succession of unstable governments, Germans increasingly lacked identification with the government in the early 1930s. This was exacerbated by a widespread right-wing <span lang="de"><i>Dolchstoßlegende</i></span>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_legend" title="Stab-in-the-back legend" class="mw-redirect">stab-in-the-back legend</a>, which argued that Germany had lost World War I because of those who wanted to overthrow the government. The Weimar government was accused of betraying Germany by signing the Versailles Treaty.</p>
<p>By 1932, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">German Communist Party</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> controlled the majority of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Parliament</a>, fuelled by discontent with the Weimar government. After a series of unsuccessful cabinets, President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> appointed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> On 27 February 1933 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag</a> building went up in flames, and a consequent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">emergency decree</a> abrogated basic citizens' rights. An <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enabling_act" title="Enabling act">enabling act</a> passed in parliament gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power. Only the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> voted against it, while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPD" title="KPD" class="mw-redirect">Communist</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" title="Member of Parliament">MPs</a> had already been imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> Using his powers to crush any actual or potential resistance, Hitler established a centralised <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarian_state" title="Totalitarian state" class="mw-redirect">totalitarian state</a> within months. Industry was revitalised with a focus on military rearmament.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 1935, Germany reacquired control of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_(League_of_Nations)" title="Saar (League of Nations)">Saar</a> and in 1936 military control of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, both of which had been lost in the Treaty of Versailles.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1938, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexed</a>, and in 1939, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> was brought under German control. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> was prepared through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop pact" class="mw-redirect">Molotov–Ribbentrop pact</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a>. On 1 September 1939 the German <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> launched a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, which was swiftly occupied by Germany and by the Soviet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. The UK and France declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulbrook_190_40-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-Fulbrook_190-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> As the war progressed, Germany and its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">allies</a> quickly gained control of most of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_Europe" title="Occupied Europe" class="mw-redirect">continental Europe</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, though plans to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">force the United Kingdom</a> to an armistice or surrender failed. On 22 June 1941, Germany broke the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded the Soviet Union</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> led Germany to declare war on the United States. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> forced the German army to retreat on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulbrook_190_40-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-Fulbrook_190-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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Berlin in ruins after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div>
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<p>In September 1943, Germany's ally Italy surrendered, and German troops were forced to defend an additional front in Italy. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_Landings" title="Normandy Landings" class="mw-redirect">D-Day</a> opened a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western front</a>, as Allied forces advanced towards German territory. On 8 May 1945, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">the German armed forces surrendered</a> after the Red Army occupied Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In what later became known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>, the Third Reich regime had enacted policies directly subjugating many dissidents and minorities. Millions of people were murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust, including several million <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porajmos" title="Porajmos">Romani people</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Slavic people</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs" title="Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs">Soviet POWs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_T4" title="Action T4">people with mental and/or physical disabilities</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah&#39;s Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Holocaust" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust">homosexuals</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust#The_political_left" title="The Holocaust">members of the political and religious opposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> World War II was responsible for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">more than 40&nbsp;million dead in Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_casualties_in_World_War_II" title="German casualties in World War II">war casualties for Germany</a> are estimated at 5.3 million German soldiers,<sup id="cite_ref-R.C5.B1diger_Overmans_2000_44-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-R.C5.B1diger_Overmans_2000-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> millions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_casualties_in_World_War_II" title="German casualties in World War II">German civilians</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> and losing the war resulted in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" title="Oder-Neisse line" class="mw-redirect">large territorial losses</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II" class="mw-redirect">the expulsion of about 15&nbsp;million ethnic Germans</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">former eastern territories of Germany</a> and other formerly occupied <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)" class="mw-redirect">European countries</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">mass rape of German women</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">destruction of numerous major cities</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials" class="mw-redirect">Nuremberg trials</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_war_criminals" title="Nazi war criminals" class="mw-redirect">Nazi war criminals</a> were held after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="East_and_West_Germany">East and West Germany</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)" class="mw-redirect">History of Germany (1945–1990)</a></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Occupation_Zones_in_Germany" title="Allied Occupation Zones in Germany" class="mw-redirect">Occupation zones</a> in Germany, 1947. The territories east of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" title="Oder-Neisse line" class="mw-redirect">Oder-Neisse line</a>, under Polish and Soviet <i>de jure</i> administration and <i>de facto</i> annexation, are shown as white as is the detached <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_(protectorate)" title="Saar (protectorate)">Saar protectorate</a></div>
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<p>After the surrender of Germany, the remaining German territory and Berlin were partitioned by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> into four military occupation zones. Together, these zones accepted more than 6.5 million of the ethnic Germans expelled from eastern areas.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a></i> (<i>Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i>); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a></i> (<i>Deutsche Demokratische Republik</i>, or DDR). They were informally known as "West Germany" and "East Germany". East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was an artificial and temporary <i>status quo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>West Germany, established as a federal parliamentary republic with a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>", was allied with the United States, the UK and France. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth beginning in the early 1950s (<span lang="de"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a></i></span>). West Germany joined <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 1955 and was a founding member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> in 1957. East Germany was an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> state under political and military control by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR" title="USSR" class="mw-redirect">USSR</a> via the latter's occupation forces and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>. Though East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politbüro</a></i>) of the communist-controlled <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (SED), supported by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a>, an immense secret service,<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_20080311_51-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-spiegel_20080311-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> and a variety of sub-organisations controlling every aspect of society. A Soviet-style <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_economy" title="Command economy" class="mw-redirect">command economy</a> was set up; the GDR later became a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in front of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a> shortly before its fall in 1989. Today the Gate is often regarded as Germany's main national <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark" title="Landmark">landmark</a>.</div>
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<p>While <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">East German propaganda</a> was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged constant threat of a West German invasion, many of her citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_19890822_53-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-NYT_19890822-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, built in 1961 to stop East Germans from escaping to West Germany, became a symbol of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-state_28-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-state-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> hence its fall in 1989, following democratic reforms in Poland and Hungary, became a symbol of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Communism" title="Fall of Communism" class="mw-redirect">Fall of Communism</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Reunification" title="German Reunification" class="mw-redirect">German Reunification</a> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Wende" title="Die Wende">Die Wende</a></i>.</p>
<p>Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the early 1970s by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>'s <span lang="de"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></i></span>. In summer 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> and open the borders, causing the emigration of thousands of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germans" title="East Germans" class="mw-redirect">East Germans</a> to West Germany via Hungary. This had devastating effects on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a>, where regular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">mass demonstrations</a> received increasing support. The East German authorities unexpectedly eased the border restrictions, allowing East German citizens to travel to the West; originally intended to help retain East Germany as a state, the opening of the border actually led to an acceleration of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Wende" title="Die Wende"><i>Wende</i> reform process</a>. This culminated in the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Two Plus Four Treaty</a></i> a year later on 12 September 1990, under which the four occupying powers renounced their rights under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">Instrument of Surrender</a>, and Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the five re-established states of the former GDR (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">new states</a> or "neue Länder").<sup id="cite_ref-state_28-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-state-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="German_reunification_and_the_EU">German reunification and the EU</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Reunification" title="German Reunification" class="mw-redirect">German Reunification</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></div>
<p>Based on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin/Bonn_Act" title="Berlin/Bonn Act" class="mw-redirect">Berlin/Bonn Act</a>, adopted on 10 March 1994, Berlin once again became the capital of the reunified Germany, while Bonn obtained the unique status of a <i>Bundesstadt</i> (federal city) retaining some federal ministries.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> The relocation of the government was completed in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and NATO. Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_in_Yugoslavia" title="1999 NATO bombing in Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect">Balkans</a> and sent a force of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">German troops</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> as part of a NATO effort to provide <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">security in that country</a> after the ousting of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> These deployments were controversial since, after the war, Germany was bound by domestic law only to deploy troops for defence roles.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2005, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> became the first female Chancellor of Germany as the leader of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)" title="Grand coalition (Germany)">grand coalition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-state_28-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-state-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2009, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">liberal</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">conservative</a> coalition under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Merkel</a> assumed leadership of the country.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span></h2>
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Topographic map</div>
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<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography of Germany</a></div>
<p>Germany is in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> bordering to the north, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> to the east, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> to the south, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> to the southwest, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> to the northwest. It lies mostly between latitudes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_parallel_north" title="47th parallel north">47°</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_parallel_north" title="55th parallel north">55° N</a> (the tip of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylt" title="Sylt">Sylt</a> is just north of 55°), and longitudes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_meridian_east" title="5th meridian east">5°</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_meridian_east" title="16th meridian east">16° E</a>. The territory covers 357,021 km<sup>2</sup> (137,847&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi), consisting of 349,223 km<sup>2</sup> (134,836&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) of land and 7,798&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (3,011&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) of water. It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" title="List of countries by area" class="mw-redirect">62nd largest in the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-CIA-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Elevation ranges from the mountains of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> (highest point: the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugspitze" title="Zugspitze">Zugspitze</a> at 2,962 metres or 9,718 feet) in the south to the shores of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> (<i>Nordsee</i>) in the northwest and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> (<i>Ostsee</i>) in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilstermarsch" title="Wilstermarsch">Wilstermarsch</a> at 3.54 metres or 11.6 feet below sea level) are traversed by such major rivers as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>. Glaciers are found in the Alpine region, but are experiencing deglaciation. Significant natural resources are iron ore, coal, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, timber, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> and water.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-CIA-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span></h3>
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Typical coastal landscape in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischland-Darss-Zingst" title="Fischland-Darss-Zingst" class="mw-redirect">Darss</a> <i>West Beach</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a>).</div>
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<p>Most of Germany has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate" title="Temperate" class="mw-redirect">temperate seasonal climate</a> in which humid westerly winds predominate. The country is situated in between the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> Western European and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a> Eastern European climate. The climate is moderated by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Drift</a>, the northern extension of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>. This warmer water affects the areas bordering the North Sea; consequently in the northwest and the north the climate is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a>. Germany gets an average of 789&nbsp;mm (31&nbsp;in) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" title="Precipitation (meteorology)" class="mw-redirect">precipitation</a> per year. Rainfall occurs year-round, with no obligatory dry season. Winters are mild and summers tend to be warm, temperatures can exceed 30&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (86&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-climate_58-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-climate-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The east has a more <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a>; winters can be very cold and summers very warm, and longer dry periods can occur. Central and southern Germany are transition regions which vary from moderately oceanic to continental. In addition to the maritime and continental climates that predominate over most of the country, the Alpine regions in the extreme south and, to a lesser degree, some areas of the Central German Uplands have a mountain climate, characterised by lower temperatures and greater precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_58-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-climate-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</span></h3>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Eagle" title="Golden Eagle">Golden Eagle</a> is a protected bird of prey and the national <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldic_animal" title="Heraldic animal" class="mw-redirect">heraldic animal</a></div>
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<p>The territory of Germany can be subdivided into two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European-Mediterranean_montane_mixed_forests" title="European-Mediterranean montane mixed forests" class="mw-redirect">European-Mediterranean montane mixed forests</a> and Northeast-Atlantic shelf marine.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the majority of Germany is covered by either arable land (34%) or forest and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a> (30.1%); only 13.4% of the area consists of permanent pastures, 11.8% is covered by settlements and streets.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Plants and animals are those generally common to middle Europe. Beeches, oaks, and other deciduous trees constitute one-third of the forests; conifers are increasing as a result of reforestation. Spruce and fir trees predominate in the upper mountains, while pine and larch are found in sandy soil. There are many species of ferns, flowers, fungi, and mosses. Wild animals include deer, wild boar, mouflon, fox, badger, hare, and small numbers of beavers.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> Germany's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_emblem" title="Floral emblem">national flower</a> is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">blue</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornflower" title="Cornflower" class="mw-redirect">cornflower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The 14 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Germany" title="List of national parks of Germany">national parks in Germany</a> include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmund_National_Park" title="Jasmund National Park">Jasmund National Park</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorpommern_Lagoon_Area_National_Park" title="Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park" class="mw-redirect">Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCritz_National_Park" title="Müritz National Park">Müritz National Park</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadden_Sea_National_Parks" title="Wadden Sea National Parks">Wadden Sea National Parks</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz_National_Park" title="Harz National Park">Harz National Park</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainich_National_Park" title="Hainich National Park">Hainich National Park</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Switzerland_National_Park" title="Saxon Switzerland National Park">Saxon Switzerland National Park</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Forest_National_Park" title="Bavarian Forest National Park">Bavarian Forest National Park</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchtesgaden_National_Park" title="Berchtesgaden National Park">Berchtesgaden National Park</a>. In addition, there are 14 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Germany" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a>, as well as 98 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_parks_(Germany)" title="Nature parks (Germany)" class="mw-redirect">nature parks</a>.</p>
<p>More than 400 registered zoos and animal parks operate in Germany, which is believed to be the largest number in any country.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Zoological_Garden" title="Berlin Zoological Garden">Berlin Zoo</a> opened in 1844 is the oldest zoo in Germany, and presents the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup><br style="clear:both;"></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics of Germany</a></div>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Judiciary of Germany</a>&nbsp;and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement in Germany</a></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Political system of Germany</a></div>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(building)" title="Reichstag (building)" class="mw-redirect">Reichstag building</a> in Berlin is the site of the German parliament (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>)</div>
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<p>Germany is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_democratic" title="Parliamentary democratic" class="mw-redirect">parliamentary</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> republic. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitutional document known as the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Grundgesetz</a></i> (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both chambers of parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law are valid in perpetuity.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">president</a> is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesversammlung_(Germany)" title="Bundesversammlung (Germany)" class="mw-redirect">Bundesversammlung</a></i> (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the <i>Bundestag</i> and an equal number of state delegates. The second-highest official in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_order_of_precedence" title="German order of precedence">German order of precedence</a> is the <i>Bundestagspräsident</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag" title="President of the Bundestag">President of the <i>Bundestag</i></a>), who is elected by the <i>Bundestag</i> and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body.</p>
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<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Joachim_Gauck-2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="2011 Joachim Gauck-2.jpg" src="./germany_files/111px-2011_Joachim_Gauck-2.jpg" width="111" height="173" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2011_Joachim_Gauck-2.jpg/167px-2011_Joachim_Gauck-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2011_Joachim_Gauck-2.jpg/222px-2011_Joachim_Gauck-2.jpg 2x"></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angela_Merkel_(August_2012)_cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Angela Merkel (August 2012) cropped.jpg" src="./germany_files/125px-Angela_Merkel_(August_2012)_cropped.jpg" width="125" height="173" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Angela_Merkel_%28August_2012%29_cropped.jpg/188px-Angela_Merkel_%28August_2012%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Angela_Merkel_%28August_2012%29_cropped.jpg/250px-Angela_Merkel_%28August_2012%29_cropped.jpg 2x"></a></td>
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<td align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a><br>
<small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a> since 2012</small></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a><br>
<small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a> since 2005</small></td>
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<p>The third-highest official and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a>, who is appointed by the <i>Bundespräsident</i> after being elected by the <i>Bundestag</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-state_28-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-state-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> The chancellor, currently <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>, is the head of government and exercises <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive power</a>, similar to the role of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister" title="Prime Minister" class="mw-redirect">Prime Minister</a> in other parliamentary democracies.</p>
<p>Federal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_power" title="Legislative power" class="mw-redirect">legislative power</a> is vested in the parliament consisting of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></i> (Federal Diet) and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></i> (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The <i>Bundestag</i> is elected through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct elections</a>, by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed member proportional representation" class="mw-redirect">mixed-member</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-CIA-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The members of the <i>Bundesrat</i> represent the governments of the sixteen federated states and are members of the state cabinets.<sup id="cite_ref-state_28-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-state-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">Christian Democratic Union</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (which has had members in the <i>Bundestag</i> since 1949) and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens" title="Alliance &#39;90/The Greens">Alliance '90/The Greens</a> (which has had seats in parliament since 1983) have also played important roles.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Minor parties</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party</a> are represented in some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">state parliaments</a>.<br style="clear:both;"></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Law">Law</span></h3>
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German <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landespolizei" title="Landespolizei" class="mw-redirect">State Police</a>, typical officer uniforms and car colours</div>
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<p>Germany has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law system</a> based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> with some references to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law" class="mw-redirect">Germanic law</a>. The <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">Bundesverfassungsgericht</a></i> (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-state_28-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-state-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> Germany's supreme court system, called <i>Oberste Gerichtshöfe des Bundes</i>, is specialised: for civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitorial_system" title="Inquisitorial system">inquisitorial</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice_of_Germany" title="Federal Court of Justice of Germany">Federal Court of Justice</a>, and for other affairs the courts are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Labor_Court_of_Germany" title="Federal Labor Court of Germany" class="mw-redirect">Federal Labour Court</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundessozialgericht" title="Bundessozialgericht" class="mw-redirect">Federal Social Court</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Finance_Court_of_Germany" title="Federal Finance Court of Germany">Federal Finance Court</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_of_Germany" title="Federal Administrative Court of Germany">Federal Administrative Court</a>. The <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Völkerstrafgesetzbuch</a></i> regulates the consequences of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes" title="War crimes" class="mw-redirect">war crimes</a>, and gives German courts <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">universal jurisdiction</a> in some circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch" title="Strafgesetzbuch">Strafgesetzbuch</a></i> and the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a></i> respectively. The German penal system is aimed towards rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection of the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> Except for petty crimes, which are tried before a single professional judge, and serious <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_crime" title="Political crime">political crimes</a>, all charges are tried before mixed tribunals on which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_judge" title="Lay judge">lay judges</a> (<i><span lang="de"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ffe" title="Schöffe">Schöffen</a></span></i>) sit side by side with professional judges.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Many of the fundamental matters of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a> remain in the jurisdiction of the states, though most states base their own laws in that area on the 1976 <i>Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz</i> (Administrative Proceedings Act) covering important points of administrative law. The <i>Oberverwaltungsgerichte</i> are the highest level of administrative jurisdiction concerning the state administrations, unless the question of law concerns federal law or state law identical to federal law. In such cases, final appeal to the Federal Administrative Court is possible.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Constituent_states">Constituent states</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States of Germany</a></div>
<p>Germany comprises sixteen states which are collectively referred to as <i>Länder</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> Each state has its own state constitution<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation. Because of differences in size and population the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany#Subdivisions" title="States of Germany">subdivisions of these states</a> vary, especially as between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_states" title="City states" class="mw-redirect">city states</a> (<i>Stadtstaaten</i>) and states with larger territories (<i>Flächenländer</i>). For regional administrative purposes five states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony, consist of a total of 22 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierungsbezirke" title="Regierungsbezirke" class="mw-redirect">Government Districts</a> (<i>Regierungsbezirke</i>). As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Germany is divided into 403 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">districts</a> (<i>Kreise</i>) at a municipal level; these consist of 301 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rural_districts_of_Germany" title="List of rural districts of Germany" class="mw-redirect">rural districts</a> and 102 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" title="Urban districts of Germany" class="mw-redirect">urban districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<div style="position: relative; float:left; font-size:90%; border:3px; max-width:480px; width:50%;;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg" class="image"><img alt="Karte Bundesrepublik Deutschland.svg" src="./germany_files/300px-Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg.png" width="300" height="406" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg/450px-Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg/600px-Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg.png 2x"></a>
<div style="font-size:85%">
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:48px;top:110px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony"><img alt="Coat of arms of Lower Saxony.svg" src="./germany_files/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" width="15" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:73px;top:84px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Hanseatic_City_of_Bremen" title="Free Hanseatic City of Bremen"><img alt="Bremen Wappen.svg" src="./germany_files/15px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png" width="15" height="18" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/23px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/30px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png 2x"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:108px;top:62px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg"><img alt="Coat of arms of Hamburg.svg" src="./germany_files/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hamburg.svg.png" width="15" height="21" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Hamburg.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Hamburg.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:171px;top:24px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"><img alt="Coat of arms of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (great).svg" src="./germany_files/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_(great).svg.png" width="15" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png 2x"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-<br>
Vorpommern</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:156px;top:152px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt"><img alt="Wappen Sachsen-Anhalt.svg" src="./germany_files/15px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png" width="15" height="18" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg/23px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg/30px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png 2x"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:227px;top:189px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony"><img alt="Coat of arms of Saxony.svg" src="./germany_files/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png" width="15" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:195px;top:94px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg"><img alt="Brandenburg Wappen.svg" src="./germany_files/15px-Brandenburg_Wappen.svg.png" width="15" height="18" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Brandenburg_Wappen.svg/23px-Brandenburg_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Brandenburg_Wappen.svg/30px-Brandenburg_Wappen.svg.png 2x"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:217px;top:120px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin"><img alt="Country symbol of Berlin color.svg" src="./germany_files/15px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png" width="15" height="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/23px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/30px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 2x"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:138px;top:204px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Thuringia.svg" src="./germany_files/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png" width="15" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:77px;top:222px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse"><img alt="Coat of arms of Hesse.svg" src="./germany_files/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png" width="15" height="18" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:14px;top:162px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia"><img alt="Coat of arms of North Rhine-Westfalia.svg" src="./germany_files/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westfalia.svg.png" width="15" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westfalia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westfalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westfalia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westfalia.svg.png 2x"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:8px;top:241px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate"><img alt="Coat of arms of Rhineland-Palatinate.svg" src="./germany_files/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" width="15" height="18" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:166px;top:306px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria"><img alt="Landessymbol Freistaat Bayern.svg" src="./germany_files/15px-Landessymbol_Freistaat_Bayern.svg.png" width="15" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Landessymbol_Freistaat_Bayern.svg/23px-Landessymbol_Freistaat_Bayern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Landessymbol_Freistaat_Bayern.svg/30px-Landessymbol_Freistaat_Bayern.svg.png 2x"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:59px;top:327px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:19px;top:287px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland"><img alt="Wappen des Saarlands.svg" src="./germany_files/15px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png" width="15" height="18" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/23px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/30px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png 2x"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;text-align:center;left:98px;top:9px"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein"><img alt="Coat of arms of Schleswig-Holstein.svg" src="./germany_files/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" width="15" height="18" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x"></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></b></div>
</div>
</div>
<table style="background:none;" cellspacing="2px">
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<table class="sortable wikitable jquery-tablesorter" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;">
<thead><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;">
<th style="width:140px;" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th>
<th style="width:85px;" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Capital</th>
<th style="width:85px;" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Area (km²)</th>
<th style="width:85px;" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Population</th>
</tr></thead><tbody>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">35,752</td>
<td style="text-align:right">10,753,880</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">70,549</td>
<td style="text-align:right">12,538,696</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">892</td>
<td style="text-align:right">3,460,725</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">29,477</td>
<td style="text-align:right">2,503,273</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">404</td>
<td style="text-align:right">660,999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">755</td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,786,448</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">21,115</td>
<td style="text-align:right">6,067,021</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">23,174</td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,642,327</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">47,618</td>
<td style="text-align:right">7,918,293</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">34,043</td>
<td style="text-align:right">17,845,154</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">19,847</td>
<td style="text-align:right">4,003,745</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">2,569</td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,017,567</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">18,416</td>
<td style="text-align:right">4,149,477</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">20,445</td>
<td style="text-align:right">2,335,006</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">15,763</td>
<td style="text-align:right">2,834,259</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">16,172</td>
<td style="text-align:right">2,235,025</td>
</tr>
</tbody><tfoot></tfoot></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations of Germany</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:33rdG8Leaders.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/220px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg" width="220" height="138" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/33rdG8Leaders.jpg/330px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/33rdG8Leaders.jpg/440px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg 2x"></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:33rdG8Leaders.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="./germany_files/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""></a></div>
Chancellor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> hosting the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> summit in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiligendamm" title="Heiligendamm">Heiligendamm</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Germany has a network of 229 diplomatic missions abroad<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> and maintains relations with more than 190 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup> As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it is the largest contributor to the budget of the European Union (providing 20%)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> and the third largest contributor to the UN (providing 8%).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> Germany is a member of NATO, the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the G8, the G20, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It has played a leading role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-German_cooperation" title="Franco-German cooperation" class="mw-redirect">strong alliance with France</a> since the end of World War II. Germany seeks to advance the creation of a more unified European political, defence, and security apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The development policy of the Federal Republic of Germany is an independent area of German foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> It is the world's third biggest aid donor after the United States and France.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>During the Cold War, Germany's partition by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> made it a symbol of East–West tensions and a political battleground in Europe. However, Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik was a key factor in the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a></i> of the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1999, Chancellor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a>'s government defined a new basis for German foreign policy by taking part in the NATO decisions surrounding the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> and by sending German troops into combat for the first time since World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> The governments of Germany and the United States are close political allies.<sup id="cite_ref-state_28-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-state-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> The 1948 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> and strong cultural ties have crafted a strong bond between the two countries, although Schröder's vocal opposition to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> suggested the end of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a> and a relative cooling of German-American relations.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> The two countries are also economically interdependent: 8.8% of German exports are US-bound and 6.6% of German imports originate from the US.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Military">Military</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></div>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a> is part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Luftwaffe</a></div>
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<p>Germany's military, the <i>Bundeswehr</i>, is organised into <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">Heer</a></i> (Army), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">Marine</a></i> (Navy), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Luftwaffe</a></i> (Air Force), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr_Joint_Medical_Service" title="Bundeswehr Joint Medical Service">Bundeswehr Joint Medical Service</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streitkr%C3%A4ftebasis" title="Streitkräftebasis">Streitkräftebasis</a></i> (Joint Support Service) branches. The role of the <i>Bundeswehr</i> is described in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Germany" title="Constitution of Germany" class="mw-redirect">Constitution of Germany</a> (Art. 87a) as absolutely defensive only. Its only active role before 1990 was the <i>Katastropheneinsatz</i> (disaster control). Within the <i>Bundeswehr</i>, it helped after natural disasters both in Germany and abroad. After 1990, the international situation changed from East-West confrontation to one of general uncertainty and instability. Today, after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1994 the term "defense" has been defined to not only include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> of Germany anywhere in the world.</p>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a> tanks of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a></div>
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<p>In 2011<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, military spending was an estimated 1.3% of the country's GDP, which is low in a ranking of all countries; in absolute terms, German military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> In peacetime, the Bundeswehr is commanded by the Minister of Defence. If Germany went to war, which according to the constitution is allowed only for defensive purposes, the Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of the <i>Bundeswehr</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-93"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>As of March 2012<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the Bundeswehr employs 183,000 professional soldiers and 17,000 volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> The German government plans to reduce the number of soldiers to 170,000 professionals and up to 15,000 short-term volunteers (<i>voluntary military service</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-bwzukunft_95-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-bwzukunft-95"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> Reservists are available to the Armed Forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-bwzukunft_95-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-bwzukunft-95"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> As of April 2011<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the German military had about 6,900 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including about 4,900 Bundeswehr troops in the NATO-led <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a> force in Afghanistan and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, 1,150 German soldiers in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, and 300 troops with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIFIL" title="UNIFIL" class="mw-redirect">UNIFIL</a> in Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-96"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Until 2011, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_Germany" title="Conscription in Germany">military service</a> was compulsory for men at age 18, and conscripts served six-month tours of duty; conscientious objectors could instead opt for an equal length of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivildienst" title="Zivildienst">Zivildienst</a></i> (civilian service), or a six-year commitment to (voluntary) emergency services like a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_fire_department" title="Volunteer fire department">fire department</a> or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Red_Cross" title="German Red Cross">Red Cross</a>. On 1 July 2011 conscription was officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup> Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of service without restriction, but they have not been subject to conscription. There are presently some 17,500 women on active duty and a number of female reservists.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-99"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy of Germany</a></div>
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A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> car. Germany was the world's leading exporter of goods from 2003 to 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-100"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup></div>
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Germany is part of a monetary union, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> (dark blue), and of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Market_(European_Union)" title="Internal Market (European Union)" class="mw-redirect">EU single market</a>.</div>
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<p>Germany has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a> with a highly skilled <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_force" title="Labour force" class="mw-redirect">labour force</a>, a large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_stock" title="Capital stock" class="mw-redirect">capital stock</a>, a low level of corruption,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-101"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup> and a high level of innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup> It has the largest and most powerful national economy in Europe, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">fourth largest by nominal GDP</a> in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-wbpdf_103-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-wbpdf-103"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">fifth largest by PPP</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup> and was the biggest net contributor to the EU budget in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-105"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_industry" title="Tertiary sector of industry" class="mw-redirect">service sector</a> contributes approximately 71% of the total GDP, industry 28%, and agriculture 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-CIA-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The official average national unemployment rate in June 2013 was 6.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-106"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> However, the official average national unemployment rate also includes people with a part-time job that are looking for a full-time job.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup> The unofficial average national unemployment rate in 2011 was 5.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-CIA-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Germany is an advocate of closer European economic and political integration. Its commercial policies are increasingly determined by agreements among European Union (EU) members and by EU legislation. Germany introduced the common European currency, the euro, on 1 January 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-euroc_108-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-euroc-108"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup> Its monetary policy is set by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, which is headquartered in Frankfurt. Two decades after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standards of living</a> and per capita incomes remain significantly higher in the states of the former West Germany than in the former East.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-110"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup> The modernisation and integration of the eastern German economy is a long-term process scheduled to last until the year 2019, with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $80&nbsp;billion.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-111"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup> In January 2009 the German government approved a €50&nbsp;billion economic stimulus plan to protect several sectors from a downturn and a subsequent rise in unemployment rates.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-112"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2010, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a>, 37 are headquartered in Germany. 30 Germany-based companies are included in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAX" title="DAX">DAX</a>, the German stock market index. Well-known global brands are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP_AG" title="SAP AG">SAP</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allianz" title="Allianz">Allianz</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivea" title="Nivea">Nivea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-113"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup> Germany is recognised for its specialised <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprises" title="Small and medium enterprises">small and medium enterprises</a>. Around 1,000 of these companies are global market leaders in their segment and are labelled <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Champions" title="Hidden Champions" class="mw-redirect">hidden champions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-114"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The list includes the largest German companies by revenue in 2011:</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" style="text-align:right;">
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<th style="text-align:center;" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Rank<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-115"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup></th>
<th style="text-align:center;" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Name</th>
<th style="text-align:center;" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Headquarters</th>
<th style="text-align:center;" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Revenue<br>
(Mil.&nbsp;€)</th>
<th style="text-align:center;" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Profit<br>
(Mil.&nbsp;€)</th>
<th style="text-align:center;" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Employees<br>
(World)</th>
</tr></thead><tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>1.</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_AG" title="Volkswagen AG" class="mw-redirect">Volkswagen AG</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></td>
<td>159.000</td>
<td>15.800</td>
<td>502.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>2.</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.ON" title="E.ON">E.ON SE</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></td>
<td>113.000</td>
<td>−1.900</td>
<td>79.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>3.</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_AG" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></td>
<td>107.000</td>
<td>6.000</td>
<td>271.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>4.</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens AG</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München" class="mw-redirect">München</a></td>
<td>74.000</td>
<td>6.300</td>
<td>360.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>5.</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF SE</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigshafen_am_Rhein" title="Ludwigshafen am Rhein" class="mw-redirect">Ludwigshafen am Rhein</a></td>
<td>73.000</td>
<td>6.600</td>
<td>111.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>6.</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW AG</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München" class="mw-redirect">München</a></td>
<td>69.000</td>
<td>4.900</td>
<td>100.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>7.</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_AG" title="Metro AG">Metro AG</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></td>
<td>67.000</td>
<td>740</td>
<td>288.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>8.</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwarz-Gruppe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schwarz-Gruppe (page does not exist)">Schwarz-Gruppe</a> <sub>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl" title="Lidl">Lidl</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufland" title="Kaufland">Kaufland</a>)</sub></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckarsulm" title="Neckarsulm">Neckarsulm</a></td>
<td>63.000</td>
<td>N/A</td>
<td>315.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>9.</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom AG</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></td>
<td>59.000</td>
<td>670</td>
<td>235.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>10.</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Post_AG" title="Deutsche Post AG" class="mw-redirect">Deutsche Post AG</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></td>
<td>53.000</td>
<td>1.300</td>
<td>471.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">—</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allianz_SE" title="Allianz SE" class="mw-redirect">Allianz SE</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München" class="mw-redirect">München</a></td>
<td>104.000</td>
<td>2.800</td>
<td>141.000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">—</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank AG</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" title="Frankfurt am Main" class="mw-redirect">Frankfurt am Main</a></td>
<td>2.160.000</td>
<td>4.300</td>
<td>101.000</td>
</tr>
</tbody><tfoot></tfoot></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport in Germany</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy in Germany</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/220px-ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg/330px-ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg/440px-ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg 2x"></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="./germany_files/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""></a></div>
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICE_3" title="ICE 3">ICE 3</a> on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne%E2%80%93Frankfurt_high-speed_rail_line" title="Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line" class="mw-redirect">Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub. This is reflected in its dense and modern transport networks. The motorway (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn" class="mw-redirect">Autobahn</a>) network ranks as the third-largest worldwide in length and is known for its lack of a general speed limit.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-116"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></a></sup> Germany has established a polycentric network of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed trains</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterCityExpress" title="InterCityExpress" class="mw-redirect">InterCityExpress</a> or <i>ICE</i> network of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a> serves major German cities as well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to 300&nbsp;kph (186&nbsp;mph).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-117"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup> The largest German airports are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt Airport</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Airport" title="Munich Airport">Munich Airport</a>, both hubs of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>, while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Berlin" title="Air Berlin">Air Berlin</a> has hubs at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Tegel_Airport" title="Berlin Tegel Airport">Berlin Tegel</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_International_Airport" title="Düsseldorf International Airport" class="mw-redirect">Düsseldorf</a>. Other major airports include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Sch%C3%B6nefeld_Airport" title="Berlin Schönefeld Airport">Berlin Schönefeld</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Airport" title="Hamburg Airport">Hamburg</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Bonn_Airport" title="Cologne Bonn Airport">Cologne/Bonn</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig/Halle_Airport" title="Leipzig/Halle Airport">Leipzig/Halle</a>. Both airports in Berlin will be consolidated at a site adjacent to Berlin Schönefeld, which will become <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport" title="Berlin Brandenburg Airport">Berlin Brandenburg Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-118"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 2008<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Germany was the world's sixth-largest consumer of energy,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-119"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup> and 60% of its primary energy was imported.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-120"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></a></sup> Government policy promotes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy conservation</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialisation" title="Renewable energy commercialisation" class="mw-redirect">renewable energy commercialisation</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Energy efficiency</a> has been improving since the early 1970s; the government aims to meet the country's electricity demands using 40% renewable sources by 2020 and 100% by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-121"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2010, energy sources were: oil (33.7%); coal, including lignite (22.9%); natural gas (21.8%); nuclear (10.8%); hydro-electric and wind power (1.5%); and other renewable sources (7.9%).<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-122"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2000, the government and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Germany" title="Nuclear power in Germany">nuclear power industry</a> agreed to phase out all <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a> by 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-123"><span>[</span>123<span>]</span></a></sup> Germany is committed to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_protocol" title="Kyoto protocol" class="mw-redirect">Kyoto protocol</a> and several other treaties promoting biodiversity, low emission standards, recycling, and the use of renewable energy, and supports sustainable development at a global level.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-124"><span>[</span>124<span>]</span></a></sup> The German government has initiated wide-ranging emission reduction activities and the country's overall emissions are falling.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-125"><span>[</span>125<span>]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless the country's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> were the highest in the EU in 2010<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-126"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology in Germany</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of German inventors and discoverers">List of German inventors and discoverers</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/170px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg" width="170" height="223" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg/255px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg/340px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg 2x"></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="./germany_files/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""></a></div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Germany's achievements in the sciences have been significant, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> efforts form an integral part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-127"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> has been awarded to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country#Germany" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">103 German laureates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-128"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup> For most of the 20th century, German laureates had more awards than those of any other nation, especially in the sciences (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">physics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">physiology or medicine</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-129"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-130"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The work of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> was crucial to the foundation of modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> developed further.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-131"><span>[</span>131<span>]</span></a></sup> They were preceded by such key physicists as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer" title="Joseph von Fraunhofer">Joseph von Fraunhofer</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Daniel_Fahrenheit" title="Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit" class="mw-redirect">Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit</a>, among others. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> discovered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> and was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-132"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> was a pioneer in the fields of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivity" title="Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect">radioactivity</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">radiochemistry</a> and discovered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-133"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup> while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Cohn" title="Ferdinand Cohn">Ferdinand Cohn</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> were founders of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a>. Numerous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematicians</a> were born in Germany, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann" title="Bernhard Riemann">Bernhard Riemann</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Leibniz" class="mw-redirect">Gottfried Leibniz</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Hermann Weyl</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a>. Research institutions in Germany include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_Association_of_German_Research_Centres" title="Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres">Helmholtz Association</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer Society</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz_Prize" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize</a> is granted to ten scientists and academics every year. With a maximum of €2.5&nbsp;million per award it is one of highest endowed research prizes in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-134"><span>[</span>134<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Germany has been the home of many famous inventors and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a>, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>, credited with the invention of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> printing in Europe; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a>, the creator of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger_counter" title="Geiger counter">Geiger counter</a>; and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a>, who built the first fully automatic digital computer.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-135"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup> German inventors, engineers and industrialists such as Count <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelin" title="Ferdinand von Zeppelin">Ferdinand von Zeppelin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Junkers" title="Hugo Junkers">Hugo Junkers</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Benz" title="Karl Benz">Karl Benz</a> helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-136"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineer</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> developed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">first space rocket</a> and later on was a prominent member of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and developed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> Moon rocket, which paved the way for the success of the US <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_programme" title="Apollo programme" class="mw-redirect">Apollo programme</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz" title="Heinrich Rudolf Hertz" class="mw-redirect">Heinrich Rudolf Hertz</a>'s work in the domain of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> was pivotal to the development of modern telecommunication.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-137"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Germany is one of the leading countries in developing and using green technologies. Companies specialising in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_technology" title="Green technology" class="mw-redirect">green technology</a> have an estimated turnover of €200 billion. Key sectors of Germany's green technology industry are power generation, sustainable mobility, material efficiency, energy efficiency, waste management and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a>, and sustainable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_management" title="Water management" class="mw-redirect">water management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-138"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics of Germany</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues in Germany</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">List of cities in Germany by population</a></div>
<p>With a population of 80.2&nbsp;million according to the May 2011 census,<sup id="cite_ref-File_2013_7-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-File_2013-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Germany is the most populous country in the European Union, the second most populous country in Europe after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and ranks as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" title="List of countries by population">16th most populous country</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-139"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_density" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density">population density</a> stands at 225 inhabitants per square kilometre. The overall <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">life expectancy in Germany</a> at birth is 80.19 years (77.93 years for males and 82.58 years for females).<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-CIA-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility rate</a> of 1.41 children born per woman (2011 estimates), or 8.33 births per 1000 inhabitants, is one of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_fertility_rate" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility rate">lowest in the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-CIA-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Since the 1970s, Germany's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_rate" title="Death rate" class="mw-redirect">death rate</a> has continuously exceeded its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-140"><span>[</span>140<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Statistical_Office_of_Germany" title="Federal Statistical Office of Germany">Federal Statistical Office of Germany</a> has forecast that the population could shrink to between 65 and 70 million by 2060 (depending on the level of net migration).<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-141"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup> However, such forecasts have often been proven wrong in the past, and Germany is currently witnessing increased birth rates<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-142"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup> and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s. It is notably experiencing a strong increase in the number of well-educated migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-143"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-144"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2012, 300,000 more immigrants than emigrants were reported in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-145"><span>[</span>145<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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Development of German population since 1800</div>
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<p>Germans by nationality make up 92.3% of the population of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-File_2013_7-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-File_2013-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> and about six million foreign citizens (7.7% of the population) were registered in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-File_2013_7-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-File_2013-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Regarding ethnic background, 20%<sup id="cite_ref-pop_2-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-pop-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> of the country's residents, or more than 16 million people, were of foreign or partially foreign descent (including persons descending or partially descending from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_German" title="Ethnic German" class="mw-redirect">ethnic German</a> repatriates), 96% of whom lived in the former West Germany or Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-146"><span>[</span>146<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2010, 2.3 million families with children under 18 years were living in Germany, in which at least one parent had foreign roots. They represented 29% of the total of 8.1 million families with minor children. Compared with 2005 – the year when the microcensus started to collect detailed information on the population with a migrant background – the proportion of migrant families has risen by 2 percentage points.<sup id="cite_ref-destatis.de_147-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-destatis.de-147"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Most of the families with a migrant background live in the western part of Germany. In 2010, the proportion of migrant families in all families was 32% in the pre-unification territory of the Federal Republic. This figure was more than double that in the new Länder (including Berlin) where it stood at 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-destatis.de_147-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-destatis.de-147"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup> Families with a migrant background more often have three or more minor children in the household than families without a migrant background. In 2010, about 15% of the families with a migrant background contained three or more minor children, as compared with just 9% of the families without a migrant background.<sup id="cite_ref-destatis.de_147-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-destatis.de-147"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a> lists Germany as host to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_immigrant_population" title="List of countries by immigrant population" class="mw-redirect">third-highest number of international migrants worldwide</a>, about 5% or 10&nbsp;million of all 191&nbsp;million migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-148"><span>[</span>148<span>]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">restrictions</a> to Germany's formerly rather unrestricted laws on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> and immigration, the number of immigrants seeking asylum or claiming German ethnicity (mostly from the former Soviet Union) has been declining steadily since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-149"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2009, 20% of the population had immigrant roots, the highest since 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-150"><span>[</span>150<span>]</span></a></sup> As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the largest national group was from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (2.5&nbsp;million), followed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (776,000) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (687,000).<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-151"><span>[</span>151<span>]</span></a></sup> About 3&nbsp;million "Aussiedler"—ethnic Germans, mainly from the former eastern bloc—have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_return#Germany" title="Right of return">resettled</a> in Germany since 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-152"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> Large numbers of people with full or significant German ancestry are found in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-153"><span>[</span>153<span>]</span></a></sup> Brazil,<sup id="cite_ref-The_German_Times_154-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-The_German_Times-154"><span>[</span>154<span>]</span></a></sup> Argentina<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-155"><span>[</span>155<span>]</span></a></sup> and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-156"><span>[</span>156<span>]</span></a></sup> Most ethnic minorities (especially those of non-European origin) reside in large urban areas like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Rhine-Main" title="Frankfurt Rhine-Main">Frankfurt Rhine-Main</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr" title="Rhine-Ruhr">Rhine-Ruhr</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-Neckar" title="Rhine-Neckar">Rhine-Neckar</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. The percentage of non-Germans and immigrants is rather low in rural areas and small towns, especially in the East German states of the former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" title="German Democratic Republic" class="mw-redirect">GDR territory</a>.</p>
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<div style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0"><img alt="Circle frame.svg" src="./germany_files/200px-Circle_frame.svg.png" width="200" height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/300px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/400px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x"></div>
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<p><b>Ethnic groups in Germany</b></p>
<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FF0000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Germans (80.7%)</div>
<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #008080; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Other Europeans (7.3%)</div>
<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFFF00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Turks (4%)</div>
<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #800080; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Other Middle Easterners (1.2%)</div>
<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00FFFF; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Asians (2%)</div>
<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #008000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Black Africans (1%)</div>
<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #000080; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Others/unspecified (3.8%)</div>
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<p>Germany is home to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_immigrant_population" title="List of countries by immigrant population" class="mw-redirect">third-highest number of international migrants worldwide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-157"><span>[</span>157<span>]</span></a></sup> Ethnic composition in 2010:</p>
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<tbody><tr>
<th>Ethnic Group</th>
<th>&nbsp;%<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-158"><span>[</span>158<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-159"><span>[</span>159<span>]</span></a></sup></th>
<th>population <sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-160"><span>[</span>160<span>]</span></a></sup></th>
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<td><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a></b></td>
<td><b>88.0</b></td>
<td>70,593,332</td>
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<td><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Ethnic German</a></td>
<td>80.7</td>
<td>64,737,294<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-161"><span>[</span>161<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
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<td><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a></td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>1,604,394</td>
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<tr>
<td><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (primarily <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian-speaking_population_groups_in_Germany" title="Russian-speaking population groups in Germany" class="mw-redirect">Russian Germans</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians_in_Germany" title="Russians in Germany">Russians</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Jews" title="Soviet Jews" class="mw-redirect">Jews</a>)</td>
<td>1.7</td>
<td>1,363,735</td>
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<td><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU-27" title="EU-27" class="mw-redirect">European Other</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europeans</a> and former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavians</a>)</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>2,887,909</td>
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<td><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Middle Eastern</a></b></td>
<td><b>5.2</b></td>
<td>4,171,424</td>
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<td><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Turkish</a></td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>3,208,788</td>
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<td><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>others (primarily <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs" class="mw-redirect">Arabs</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people" title="Persian people">Iranians</a>)</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>962,636</td>
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<td><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asians_in_Germany" title="Asians in Germany">Asian</a></b></td>
<td><b>2.0</b></td>
<td>1,604,394</td>
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<td><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-German" title="Afro-German" class="mw-redirect">Afro-German</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Black African</a></b></td>
<td><b>1.0</b></td>
<td>802,197</td>
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<tr>
<td><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial" title="Multiracial">Mixed</a> or unspecified background</b></td>
<td><b>2.0</b></td>
<td>1,604,394</td>
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<td><b>Other groups</b> (primarily <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Americas" title="The Americas" class="mw-redirect">the Americas</a>)</td>
<td><b>1.8</b></td>
<td>1,443,955</td>
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<td>Total population</td>
<td><b>100</b></td>
<td>80,219,695</td>
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<p>Germany has a number of large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany" title="List of cities in Germany" class="mw-redirect">cities</a>. There are 11 officially recognised <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">metropolitan regions</a> in Germany – and since 2006, 34 potential cities were identified which can be called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiopolis" title="Regiopolis">Regiopolis</a>. The largest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr" title="Rhine-Ruhr">Rhine-Ruhr</a> region (11.7&nbsp;million in 2008<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>), including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> (the capital of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-162"><span>[</span>162<span>]</span></a></sup><br style="clear:both;"></p>
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<span style="font-size:120%;">Largest cities or towns of <strong class="selflink">Germany</strong></span><br>
<span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_offices_in_Germany" title="List of statistical offices in Germany">List of statistical offices in Germany 24 December 2010</a></span></th>
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<th></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Rank</a></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany" title="List of cities in Germany" class="mw-redirect">City name</a></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Pop.</a></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Rank</a></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany" title="List of cities in Germany" class="mw-redirect">City name</a></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Pop.</a></th>
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<tr>
<td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cityscape_Berlin.jpg" class="image" title="Berlin"><img alt="Berlin" src="./germany_files/120px-Cityscape_Berlin.jpg" width="120" height="61" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cityscape_Berlin.jpg/180px-Cityscape_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cityscape_Berlin.jpg/240px-Cityscape_Berlin.jpg 2x"></a><br>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><br>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburger_Rathaus_von_St-Petri.jpg" class="image" title="Hamburg"><img alt="Hamburg" src="./germany_files/120px-Hamburger_Rathaus_von_St-Petri.jpg" width="120" height="91" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hamburger_Rathaus_von_St-Petri.jpg/180px-Hamburger_Rathaus_von_St-Petri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hamburger_Rathaus_von_St-Petri.jpg/240px-Hamburger_Rathaus_von_St-Petri.jpg 2x"></a><br>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">1</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td>
<td align="right">3,471,756</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">11</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></td>
<td align="right">523,058</td>
<td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadtbild_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg" class="image" title="Munich"></a><br>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a><br>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln_Panorama.jpg" class="image" title="Cologne"></a><br>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">2</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td>
<td align="right">1,786,448</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">12</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></td>
<td align="right">522,883</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">3</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td>
<td align="right">1,353,186</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">13</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover" class="mw-redirect">Hannover</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></td>
<td align="right">522,686</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">4</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td>
<td align="right">1,007,119</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">14</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td>
<td align="right">505,664</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">5</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a></td>
<td align="right">688,664</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">15</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td>
<td align="right">489,599</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">6</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td>
<td align="right">606,588</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">16</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td>
<td align="right">374,737</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">7</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td>
<td align="right">598,786</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">17</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td>
<td align="right">349,721</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">8</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td>
<td align="right">580,444</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">18</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td>
<td align="right">324,899</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">9</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td>
<td align="right">574,635</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">19</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td>
<td align="right">323,270</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">10</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen (state)</a></td>
<td align="right">547,340</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">20</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td>
<td align="right">313,174</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright" style="width: 192px;">
<div class="thumbinner">
<div style="margin: 1px; width: 182px">
<div class="thumbimage"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%B6lner_Dom_nachts.jpg" class="image"></a></div>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">The catholic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> river is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site" class="mw-redirect">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 1px; width: 182px">
<div class="thumbimage"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dom_Berlin_abends.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/180px-Dom_Berlin_abends.JPG" width="180" height="135" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dom_Berlin_abends.JPG/270px-Dom_Berlin_abends.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dom_Berlin_abends.JPG/360px-Dom_Berlin_abends.JPG 2x"></a></div>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Cathedral" title="Berlin Cathedral">Berliner Dom</a>, one of the main <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">evangelical</a> cathedrals in Germany</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion in Germany</a></div>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the largest religion in Germany, with around 51.5&nbsp;million adherents (62.8%) in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-ekd_163-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-ekd-163"><span>[</span>163<span>]</span></a></sup> Relative to the whole population, 30.0% of Germans are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, 29.9% are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> belonging to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">Evangelical Church in Germany</a> (EKD), and the remaining Christians belong to smaller denominations each with less than 0.5% of the German population.<sup id="cite_ref-fowid_164-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-fowid-164"><span>[</span>164<span>]</span></a></sup> Protestantism is concentrated in the north and east and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Germany" title="Roman Catholicism in Germany">Roman Catholicism</a> is concentrated in the south and west;<sup id="cite_ref-georgetown1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-georgetown1-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> 1.6% of the country's overall population declare themselves <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Christians" title="Orthodox Christians" class="mw-redirect">Orthodox Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ekd_163-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-ekd-163"><span>[</span>163<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The second largest religion is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Islam</a> with an estimated 3.8 to 4.3&nbsp;million adherents (4.6% to 5.2%),<sup id="cite_ref-MLD_165-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-MLD-165"><span>[</span>165<span>]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> with 250,000 and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> with around 200,000 adherents (0.3%); <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> has some 90,000 adherents (0.1%). All other religious communities in Germany have fewer than 50,000 adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-166"><span>[</span>166<span>]</span></a></sup> Of the roughly 4&nbsp;million Muslims, most are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevites" title="Alevites" class="mw-redirect">Alevites</a> from Turkey, but there are a small number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ites</a> and other denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-MLD_165-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-MLD-165"><span>[</span>165<span>]</span></a></sup> German Muslims, a large portion of whom are of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> origin, lack full official state recognition of their religious community.<sup id="cite_ref-georgetown1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-georgetown1-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Germany has Europe's third largest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Jewish population</a> (after France and the United Kingdom).<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-167"><span>[</span>167<span>]</span></a></sup> Approximately 50% of the Buddhists in Germany are Asian immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-168"><span>[</span>168<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Germans with no stated religious adherence make up 34.1% of the population and are concentrated in the former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" title="German Democratic Republic" class="mw-redirect">East Germany</a> and major metropolitan areas.<sup id="cite_ref-fowid_164-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-fowid-164"><span>[</span>164<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in 1990 greatly increased the country's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-religious" title="Non-religious" class="mw-redirect">non-religious</a> population, a legacy of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a> of the previously <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>-controlled East. Christian church membership has decreased in recent decades, particularly among Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-georgetown1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-georgetown1-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages">Languages</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knowledge_German_EU_map.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/170px-Knowledge_German_EU_map.png" width="170" height="174" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Knowledge_German_EU_map.png/255px-Knowledge_German_EU_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Knowledge_German_EU_map.png/340px-Knowledge_German_EU_map.png 2x"></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knowledge_German_EU_map.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="./germany_files/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""></a></div>
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> is the most widely-spoken first language in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, with around 100 million native speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Marten_169-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-Marten-169"><span>[</span>169<span>]</span></a></sup></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Languages of Germany</a></div>
<p>German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_170-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-170"><span>[</span>170<span>]</span></a></sup> It is one of 23 official languages in the European Union, and one of the three <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">working languages</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>.</p>
<p>Recognised native minority languages in Germany are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romany_language" title="Romany language" class="mw-redirect">Romany</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a>; they are officially protected by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>. The most used immigrant languages are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_languages" title="Balkan languages" class="mw-redirect">Balkan languages</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>. 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two languages other than their own.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_170-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-170"><span>[</span>170<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Standard German is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic language</a> and is closely related to and classified alongside English, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, and the Frisian languages. To a lesser extent, it is also related to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a> (extinct) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a>. Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-171"><span>[</span>171<span>]</span></a></sup> Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denglisch" title="Denglisch">Denglisch</a>). German is written using the Latin alphabet. German <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>, traditional local varieties traced back to the Germanic tribes, are distinguished from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">standard German</a> by their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-172"><span>[</span>172<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education in Germany</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Germany" title="List of universities in Germany">List of universities in Germany</a></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a> is the oldest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Germany" title="List of universities in Germany">university of Germany</a> and among its best ranked.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-173"><span>[</span>173<span>]</span></a></sup> It was established in 1386.</div>
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<p>Over 99% of Germans age 15 and above are estimated to be able to read and write.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-CIA-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">federal states</a>. Since the 1960s, a reform movement attempted to unify secondary education in a <i>Gesamtschule</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">comprehensive school</a>); several West German states later simplified their school system to two or three tiers. A system of apprenticeship called <i>Duale Ausbildung</i> ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_education_system" title="Dual education system">dual education</a>") allows pupils in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_training" title="Vocational training" class="mw-redirect">vocational training</a> to learn in a company as well as in a state-run vocational school.<sup id="cite_ref-ED_174-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-ED-174"><span>[</span>174<span>]</span></a></sup> This successful model is highly regarded and reproduced all around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-175"><span>[</span>175<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Optional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a> for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years and public schools are not stratified at this stage.<sup id="cite_ref-ED_174-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-ED-174"><span>[</span>174<span>]</span></a></sup> In contrast, secondary education includes three traditional types of schools focused on different levels of academic ability: the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a></i> enrols the most gifted children and prepares students for university studies; the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realschule" title="Realschule">Realschule</a></i> for intermediate students lasts six years; the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a></i> prepares pupils for vocational education.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-176"><span>[</span>176<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendelstein_7-X" title="Wendelstein 7-X">Wendelstein 7-X</a>, a research facility at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Plasma_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute of Plasma Physics">Max Planck Institute of Plasma Physics</a> close to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Greifswald" title="University of Greifswald">University of Greifswald</a>. A great portion of German research is exhibited in independent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Germany" title="Category:Research institutes in Germany">institutes</a>.</div>
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<p>The general entrance requirement for university is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a>, a qualification normally based on continuous assessment during the last few years at school and final examinations; however there are a number of exceptions, and precise requirements vary, depending on the state, the university and the subject. Germany's universities are recognised internationally; in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a> (ARWU) for 2008, six of the top 100 universities in the world are in Germany, and 18 of the top 200.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-177"><span>[</span>177<span>]</span></a></sup> Most of the German universities are public institutions, charging tuition fees of only around €60 per semester (and up to €500 in the state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen" class="mw-redirect">Niedersachsen</a>) for each student.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-178"><span>[</span>178<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-179"><span>[</span>179<span>]</span></a></sup> Thus, academic education is open to most citizens and studying is increasingly common in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-180"><span>[</span>180<span>]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_education_system" title="Dual education system">dual education system</a>, that combines practical and theoretical educations and does not lead to academic degrees, is typical for Germany and recognised as a role model for other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-181"><span>[</span>181<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The oldest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Germany" title="List of universities in Germany">universities of Germany</a> are also among the oldest and best regarded in the world, with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a> being the oldest (established in 1386 and in continuous operation since then). It is followed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a> (1409), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rostock" title="University of Rostock">Rostock University</a> (1419), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Greifswald" title="University of Greifswald">Greifswald University</a> (1456), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">Freiburg University</a> (1457), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Munich" title="University of Munich" class="mw-redirect">LMU Munich</a> (1472) and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a> (1477).</p>
<p>Most German universities focus more on teaching than on research. Research is mostly exhibited in independent institutes that are embedded in academic clusters, such as within <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz_Scientific_Community" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community">Leibniz</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_Association_of_German_Research_Centres" title="Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres">Helmholtz</a> institutes. This German specialisation is rarely reflected in academic rankings, which is the reason why German universities seem to be underperforming according to some of the ratings, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a>. Some German universities are shifting their focus more towards research though, especially the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">institutes of technology</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Germany" title="Health in Germany" class="mw-redirect">Health in Germany</a></div>
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<i>Hospice of the Holy Spirit</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> - one of the world's oldest social institutions and a precursor to modern hospitals</div>
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<p>Germany has the world's oldest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system, dating back to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck#Bismarck.27s_social_legislation" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck's social legislation</a> in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-182"><span>[</span>182<span>]</span></a></sup> Currently the population is covered by a fairly comprehensive health insurance plan provided by statute. Certain groups of people (lifetime officials, self-employed persons, employees with high income) can opt out of the plan and switch to a private insurance contract. Previously, these groups could also choose to do without insurance, but this option was dropped in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-183"><span>[</span>183<span>]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, Germany's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_system" title="Health care system" class="mw-redirect">health care system</a> was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-health_184-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-health-184"><span>[</span>184<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Germany spent 11% of its GDP on health care. Germany ranked 20th in the world in life expectancy with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">77 years for men and 82 years for women</a>, and it had a very low <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" title="Infant mortality rate" class="mw-redirect">infant mortality rate</a> (4 per 1,000 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_birth_(human)" title="Live birth (human)">live births</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-health_184-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-health-184"><span>[</span>184<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 2010<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 41%, followed by malignant tumours, at 26%.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-185"><span>[</span>185<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2008<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, about 82,000 Germans had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 26,000 had died from the disease (cumulatively, since 1982).<sup id="cite_ref-cp_186-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-cp-186"><span>[</span>186<span>]</span></a></sup> According to a 2005 survey, 27% of German adults are smokers.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_186-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-cp-186"><span>[</span>186<span>]</span></a></sup><br style="clear:both;"></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture of Germany</a></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> (1770–1827), composer</div>
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<p>From its roots, culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a>. Historically Germany has been called <i>Das Land der Dichter und Denker</i> ("the land of poets and thinkers"),<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-187"><span>[</span>187<span>]</span></a></sup> because of the major role its famous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">writers</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">philosophers</a> have played in the development of Western thought and culture.</p>
<p>The federated states are in charge of the cultural institutions. There are 240 subsidised theatres, hundreds of symphonic orchestras, thousands of museums and over 25,000 libraries spread in Germany. These cultural opportunities are enjoyed by many: there are over 91&nbsp;million German museum visits every year; annually, 20&nbsp;million go to theatres and operas; 3.6&nbsp;million per year listen to the symphonic orchestras.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-188"><span>[</span>188<span>]</span></a></sup> As of 2012 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> inscribed 37 properties in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="Table of World Heritage Sites by country">Germany on the World Heritage List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-189"><span>[</span>189<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Germany has established a high level of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-190"><span>[</span>190<span>]</span></a></sup> promotes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">disability rights</a>, and is legally and socially tolerant towards homosexuals. Gays and lesbians can legally adopt their partner's biological children, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil unions</a> have been permitted since 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-191"><span>[</span>191<span>]</span></a></sup> Germany has also changed its attitude towards immigrants; since the mid-1990s, the government and the majority of Germans have begun to acknowledge that controlled immigration should be allowed based on qualification standards.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-192"><span>[</span>192<span>]</span></a></sup> Germany has been named the world's second most valued nation among 50 countries in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-193"><span>[</span>193<span>]</span></a></sup> A global opinion poll for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-194"><span>[</span>194<span>]</span></a></sup> and for being the most positively viewed nation in the world, in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-195"><span>[</span>195<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Art">Art</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_art" title="German art">German art</a></div>
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<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen" title="Chalk Cliffs on Rügen">Chalk Cliffs on Rügen</a></i> (1818) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a>, the most prominent artist of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div>
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<p>Numerous German painters have enjoyed international prestige through their work in diverse artistic styles. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Gr%C3%BCnewald" title="Matthias Grünewald">Matthias Grünewald</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a> were important artists of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Zimmermann" title="Johann Baptist Zimmermann">Johann Baptist Zimmermann</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Spitzweg" title="Carl Spitzweg">Carl Spitzweg</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Liebermann" title="Max Liebermann">Max Liebermann</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>.</p>
<p>Several German artist groups formed in the 20th century, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a> (The Bridge) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a> (The Blue Rider) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a> arose as a counter-style to it during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. After <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_2" title="World War 2" class="mw-redirect">WWII</a>, main movements of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance art</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a> evolved, with notable artists such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys">Joseph Beuys</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Immendorff" title="Jörg Immendorff">Jörg Immendorff</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HA_Schult" title="HA Schult">HA Schult</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aris_Kalaizis" title="Aris Kalaizis">Aris Kalaizis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Rauch" title="Neo Rauch">Neo Rauch</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig School</a>) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Gursky" title="Andreas Gursky">Andreas Gursky</a> (photography). Major art exhibitions and festivals in Germany are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenta" title="Documenta">documenta</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmediale" title="Transmediale">transmediale</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Cologne" title="Art Cologne">Art Cologne</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music of Germany</a></div>
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<th align="right"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J.S. Bach</a><br>
<small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor,_BWV_565" title="Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565">Toccata und Fuge</a></small></th>
<th align="right"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">L.v. Beethoven</a><br>
<small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">Symphonie 5 c-moll</a></small></th>
<th align="right"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">R. Wagner</a><br>
<small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></small></th>
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<p>German <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music_era" title="Classical music era" class="mw-redirect">classical music</a> comprises works by some of the world's most well-known composers, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>.</p>
<p>Germany is the largest music market in Europe, and third largest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-196"><span>[</span>196<span>]</span></a></sup> German popular music of the 20th and 21st century includes the movements of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Welle" title="Neue Deutsche Welle">Neue Deutsche Welle</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nena" title="Nena">Nena</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphaville_(band)" title="Alphaville (band)">Alphaville</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrock" title="Ostrock">Ostrock</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_(band)" title="City (band)">City</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keimzeit" title="Keimzeit">Keimzeit</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Metal</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_rock" title="German rock">Rock</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammstein" title="Rammstein">Rammstein</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_punk" title="German punk">Punk</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_%C3%84rzte" title="Die Ärzte">Die Ärzte</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Toten_Hosen" title="Die Toten Hosen">Die Toten Hosen</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">Pop rock</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatsteaks" title="Beatsteaks">Beatsteaks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio_Hotel" title="Tokio Hotel">Tokio Hotel</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocotronic" title="Tocotronic">Tocotronic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blumfeld" title="Blumfeld">Blumfeld</a>) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_hip_hop" title="German hip hop">Hip Hop</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Fantastischen_Vier" title="Die Fantastischen Vier">Die Fantastischen Vier</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deichkind" title="Deichkind">Deichkind</a>). Especially the German <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a> gained global influence, with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a> being a pioneer group in this genre,<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-197"><span>[</span>197<span>]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a> scenes in Germany being very popular (e.g. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_van_Dyk" title="Paul van Dyk">Paul van Dyk</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomcraft" title="Tomcraft">Tomcraft</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kalkbrenner" title="Paul Kalkbrenner">Paul Kalkbrenner</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_(band)" title="Scooter (band)">Scooter</a>).</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Architecture">Architecture</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture of Germany</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heringsdorf_Seeschloss.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/170px-Heringsdorf_Seeschloss.JPG" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Heringsdorf_Seeschloss.JPG/255px-Heringsdorf_Seeschloss.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Heringsdorf_Seeschloss.JPG/340px-Heringsdorf_Seeschloss.JPG 2x"></a>
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The "Sea Castle" on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usedom" title="Usedom">Usedom Island</a>, a typical example of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resort_architecture" title="Resort architecture">Resort architecture</a>. This style is common at the German <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> coast.</div>
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<p>Architectural contributions from Germany include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian styles</a>, which were precursors of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a> in medieval times and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Expressionism" title="Brick Expressionism">Brick Expressionism</a> in modern times are two distinctive styles that developed in Germany. Also in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> art, regional and typically German elements evolved (e.g. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser_Renaissance" title="Weser Renaissance">Weser Renaissance</a> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> Baroque</i>).</p>
<p>Germany is especially renowned for its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">timber frame</a> old towns, with many well-kept examples to be found along the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Timber-Frame_Road" title="German Timber-Frame Road">German Timber-Frame Road</a>, leading from the very <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">south of Germany</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a> and its coasts.</p>
<p>When industrialisation spread across Europe, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> and a distinctive style of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">historism</a> developed in Germany, sometimes referred to as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a> style</i>, due to the economical boom years at the end of the 19th century. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resort_architecture" title="Resort architecture">Resort architecture</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_architecture" title="Spa architecture">Spa architecture</a> are sub-styles, that evolved since the 18th century in Germany, with the first modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">spas</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">Seaside resorts</a> of Europe. Many architects formed this era, with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Schinkel</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Semper" title="Gottfried Semper">Semper</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_G%C3%A4rtner" title="Friedrich von Gärtner">von Gärtner</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Heinrich_Schwechten" title="Franz Heinrich Schwechten">Schwechten</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Lipsius" title="Constantin Lipsius">Lipsius</a> among them.</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Jugendstil</a> became a dominant architectural style at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century, with a strong influence of the Art Nouveau movement.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_198-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-autogenerated1-198"><span>[</span>198<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> movement did not gain much influence in Germany, instead the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionist architecture</a> spread across the country, with e.g. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_H%C3%B6ger" title="Johann Friedrich Höger">Höger</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominikus_B%C3%B6hm" title="Dominikus Böhm">Böhm</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Schumacher_(architect)" title="Fritz Schumacher (architect)">Schumacher</a> being influential architects.</p>
<p>Germany was particularly important in the early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern movement</a> - it is the home of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> movement founded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a>. And thus Germany is a cradle of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> became one of the world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century. He conceived of the glass façade skyscraper.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-199"><span>[</span>199<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Renowned contemporary architects include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kollhoff" title="Hans Kollhoff">Hans Kollhoff</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Jahn" title="Helmut Jahn">Helmut Jahn</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behnisch_Architekten" title="Behnisch Architekten">Behnisch</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer,_Jr." title="Albert Speer, Jr.">Albert Speer Junior</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto">Frei Otto</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Mathias_Ungers" title="Oswald Mathias Ungers">Oswald Mathias Ungers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_B%C3%B6hm" title="Gottfried Böhm">Gottfried Böhm</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Braunfels" title="Stephan Braunfels">Stephan Braunfels</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Heringer" title="Anna Heringer">Anna Heringer</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature_and_philosophy">Literature and philosophy</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German philosophy</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grimm.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/170px-Grimm.jpg" width="170" height="184" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grimm.jpg/255px-Grimm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grimm.jpg/340px-Grimm.jpg 2x"></a>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></div>
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<p>German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a>. Well-known German authors include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a>. The collections of folk tales published by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> popularised <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">German folklore</a> on an international level. Influential authors of the 20th century include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-200"><span>[</span>200<span>]</span></a></sup> German-speaking book publishers produce some 700&nbsp;million books every year, with about 80,000 titles, nearly 60,000 of them new. Germany comes third in quantity of books published, after the English-speaking book market and the People's Republic of China.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-201"><span>[</span>201<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Book_Fair" title="Frankfurt Book Fair">Frankfurt Book Fair</a> is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-202"><span>[</span>202<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>German philosophy is historically significant. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Leibniz" class="mw-redirect">Gottfried Leibniz</a>'s contributions to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>; the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">enlightenment</a> philosophy by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>; the establishment of classical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>'s composition of metaphysical pessimism; the formulation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_theory" title="Communist theory" class="mw-redirect">communist theory</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>'s development of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectivism" title="Perspectivism">perspectivism</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a>'s contributions to the dawn of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>'s works on Being; and the development of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_school" title="Frankfurt school" class="mw-redirect">Frankfurt school</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno" class="mw-redirect">Theodor Adorno</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> have been particularly influential. In the 21st century, Germany has contributed to the development of contemporary analytic philosophy in continental Europe, along with France, Austria, Switzerland and the Scandinavian countries.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-203"><span>[</span>203<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema of Germany</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television in Germany</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Germany" title="List of newspapers in Germany">List of newspapers in Germany</a></div>
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Star of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a> on the <i>Boulevard of Stars</i> at Berlin's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdamer_Platz" title="Potsdamer Platz">Potsdamer Platz</a>. Lang was the director of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a>, the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> film (in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_length" title="Feature length">feature length</a>), that premiered in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-204"><span>[</span>204<span>]</span></a></sup></div>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">German cinema</a> dates back to the earliest years of the medium, it has made major technical and artistic contributions to film, as with the work of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Skladanowsky" title="Max Skladanowsky">Max Skladanowsky</a>, who showed the first film sequences ever to an audience, in 1895. Early German cinema was particularly influential with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_expressionism" title="German expressionism" class="mw-redirect">German expressionists</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Robert Wiene</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Murnau" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau" class="mw-redirect">Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau</a>. Director <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> (1927) is referred to as the first modern science-fiction film. In 1930 the Austrian-American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Josef von Sternberg</a> directed <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Angel" title="The Blue Angel">The Blue Angel</a></i>, the first major German <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-205"><span>[</span>205<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>During the 1970s and 1980s, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German Cinema</a> directors such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Schl%C3%B6ndorff" title="Volker Schlöndorff">Volker Schlöndorff</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Wenders" title="Wim Wenders">Wim Wenders</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Rainer Werner Fassbinder</a> put West German cinema on the international stage.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-206"><span>[</span>206<span>]</span></a></sup> The annual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Film_Award" title="European Film Award" class="mw-redirect">European Film Awards</a> ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Film_Academy" title="European Film Academy">European Film Academy</a> (EFA); the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Film_Festival" title="Berlin Film Festival" class="mw-redirect">Berlin Film Festival</a>, held annually since 1951, is one of the world's foremost film festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-207"><span>[</span>207<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In the 21st century, several German movies have had international success, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowhere_in_Africa" title="Nowhere in Africa">Nowhere in Africa</a></i> (2001), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Experiment" title="Das Experiment">Das Experiment</a></i> (2001), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Bye,_Lenin!" title="Good Bye, Lenin!">Good Bye, Lenin!</a></i> (2003), <i>Gegen die Wand (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-On" title="Head-On">Head-On</a>)</i> (2004), <i>Der Untergang (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downfall_(film)" title="Downfall (film)">Downfall</a>)</i> (2004), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume:_The_Story_of_a_Murderer" title="Perfume: The Story of a Murderer" class="mw-redirect">Perfume</a></i> (2006), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baader_Meinhof_Complex" title="The Baader Meinhof Complex">The Baader Meinhof Complex</a></i> (2008), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wave_(2008_film)" title="The Wave (2008 film)">The Wave</a></i> (2008), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Ribbon" title="The White Ribbon">The White Ribbon</a></i> (2009), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandorum" title="Pandorum">Pandorum</a></i> (2009), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Kitchen_(film)" title="Soul Kitchen (film)">Soul Kitchen</a></i> (2009), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_United" title="Animals United">Animals United</a> <i>(2010),</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Girls" title="Combat Girls">Combat Girls</a> <i>(2011) and</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Atlas_(film)" title="Cloud Atlas (film)">Cloud Atlas</a> <i>(2012). The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a> went to the German production</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tin_Drum_(film)" title="The Tin Drum (film)">Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum)</a> <i>in 1979, to</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowhere_in_Africa" title="Nowhere in Africa">Nowhere in Africa</a> <i>in 2002, and to</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lives_of_Others" title="The Lives of Others">Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others)</a> <i>in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-208"><span>[</span>208<span>]</span></a></sup></i></p>
<p>Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with some 34&nbsp;million TV households. Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, with a variety of free-to-view public and commercial channels.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-209"><span>[</span>209<span>]</span></a></sup> The most watched television broadcast of all-time in Germany was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_knockout_stage#Germany_vs_Spain" title="2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage">Germany vs Spain</a> semi-fnal game of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-210"><span>[</span>210<span>]</span></a></sup> Nine out of ten of the top ten <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_watched_television_broadcasts#Germany" title="List of most watched television broadcasts">most watched television broadcasts</a> of all-time in Germany feature the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">German national football team</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German cuisine</a></div>
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A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> woman holding glasses of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker-Pschorr" title="Hacker-Pschorr" class="mw-redirect">Hacker-Pschorr</a>, one of the few traditional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> brands that are allowed to be served at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a>.</div>
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<p>German cuisine varies from region to region. The southern regions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_cuisine" title="Bavarian cuisine">Bavaria</a> and Swabia, for instance, share a culinary culture with Switzerland and Austria. In all regions, meat is often eaten in sausage form.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-211"><span>[</span>211<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">Organic food</a> has gained a market share of ca. 2%, and is expected to increase further.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-212"><span>[</span>212<span>]</span></a></sup> Although wine is becoming more popular in many parts of Germany, the national alcoholic drink is beer. German beer consumption per person is declining, but at 121.4&nbsp;litres in 2009 it is still among the highest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-213"><span>[</span>213<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_guide" title="Michelin guide" class="mw-redirect">Michelin guide</a> has awarded nine restaurants in Germany three stars, the highest designation, while 15 more received two stars.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-214"><span>[</span>214<span>]</span></a></sup> German restaurants have become the world's second-most decorated after France.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-215"><span>[</span>215<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> are the main varieties of meat consumed in Germany, with pork being the most popular. The average person in Germany will consume up to 61&nbsp;kg (130&nbsp;lb) of meat in a year. Among poultry, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_(food)" title="Chicken (food)">chicken</a> is most common, although <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_(food)" title="Duck (food)">duck</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">goose</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticated_turkey" title="Domesticated turkey">turkey</a> are also enjoyed. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_(food)" title="Game (food)">Game meats</a>, especially <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boar" title="Boar" class="mw-redirect">boar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">venison</a> are also widely available all year round. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a> is the most common freshwater fish on the German menu; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_(fish)" title="Pike (fish)" class="mw-redirect">pike</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_perch" title="European perch">European perch</a> also are listed frequently. Vegetables are often used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a> or vegetable soups, but are also served as side dishes. Carrots, turnips, spinach, peas, beans, broccoli and many types of cabbage are very common. A wide variety of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake" title="Cake">cakes</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tart" title="Tart">tarts</a> are served throughout the country, most commonly made with fresh fruit. Apples, plums, strawberries, and cherries are used regularly in cakes. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheesecake" title="Cheesecake">Cheesecake</a> is also very popular, often made with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(cheese)" title="Quark (cheese)" class="mw-redirect">quark</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzw%C3%A4lder_Kirschtorte" title="Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte" class="mw-redirect">Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte</a></i> (Black Forest cake, made with cherries) is probably the most well-known example of a wide variety of typically German <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torte" title="Torte">tortes</a> filled with whipped or butter cream.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport in Germany</a></div>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">Germany national football team</a> in 2012. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Germany.</div>
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<p>Twenty-seven million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue sports individually.<sup id="cite_ref-sports_216-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-sports-216"><span>[</span>216<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> is the most popular sport. With more than 6.3&nbsp;million official members, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Football_Association" title="German Football Association">German Football Association</a> (<i>Deutscher Fußball-Bund</i>) is the largest sports organisation of its kind worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-sports_216-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-sports-216"><span>[</span>216<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fball-Bundesliga" title="Fußball-Bundesliga" class="mw-redirect">Bundesliga</a>, the top league of German football, is the most popular sports league in Germany and attracts the second highest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_attendance_figures_at_domestic_professional_sports_leagues" title="List of attendance figures at domestic professional sports leagues">average attendance</a> of any professional sports league in the world.</p>
<p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">German national football team</a> won the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> in 1954, 1974 and 1990 and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Football_Championship" title="UEFA European Football Championship" class="mw-redirect">UEFA European Football Championship</a> in 1972, 1980 and 1996. Germany hosted the FIFA World Cup in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_1974" title="FIFA World Cup 1974" class="mw-redirect">1974</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_2006" title="FIFA World Cup 2006" class="mw-redirect">2006</a> and the UEFA European Football Championship in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1988" title="UEFA Euro 1988">1988</a>. Among the most well-known footballers are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Beckenbauer" title="Franz Beckenbauer">Franz Beckenbauer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerd Müller">Gerd Müller</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Klinsmann" title="Jürgen Klinsmann">Jürgen Klinsmann</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Matth%C3%A4us" title="Lothar Matthäus">Lothar Matthäus</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Kahn" title="Oliver Kahn">Oliver Kahn</a>. Other popular spectator sports include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball" title="Team handball" class="mw-redirect">handball</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sports_216-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-sports-216"><span>[</span>216<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Germany is one of the leading motor sports countries in the world. Constructors like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes</a> are prominent manufacturers in motor sport. Additionally, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> has won the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">24 Hours of Le Mans</a>, an annual endurance race held in France, 16 times, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> has won it 11 times. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> driver <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schumacher" title="Michael Schumacher">Michael Schumacher</a> has set many motor sport records during his career, having won more <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Drivers%27_Champions" title="List of Formula One World Drivers&#39; Champions">Formula One World Drivers' Championships</a> and more Formula One races than any other driver; he is one of the highest paid sportsmen in history.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-217"><span>[</span>217<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Historically, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics" title="Germany at the Olympics">German sportsmen</a> have been successful contenders in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, ranking third in an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_count" title="All-time Olympic Games medal count" class="mw-redirect">all-time Olympic Games medal count</a>, combining East and West German medals. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>, Germany finished fifth in the medal count,<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-218"><span>[</span>218<span>]</span></a></sup> while in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006 Winter Olympics</a> they finished first.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_note-219"><span>[</span>219<span>]</span></a></sup> Germany has hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice, in Berlin in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936</a> and in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972</a>. The Winter Olympic Games took place in Germany once in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics" title="1936 Winter Olympics">1936</a> in the twin towns of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmisch" title="Garmisch" class="mw-redirect">Garmisch</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenkirchen" title="Partenkirchen" class="mw-redirect">Partenkirchen</a>.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="./germany_files/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="32" height="19" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x"></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="./germany_files/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" width="32" height="21" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x"></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_green_light.png" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="./germany_files/32px-Europe_green_light.png" width="32" height="28" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png/48px-Europe_green_light.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png/64px-Europe_green_light.png 2x"></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Germany-related_articles" title="Index of Germany-related articles">Index of Germany-related articles</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline of Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions in Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">List of cities in Germany by population</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">List of cities and towns in Germany</a></li>
</ul>
<p><br style="clear:both;"></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-CIA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-CIA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-CIA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-CIA_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-CIA_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-CIA_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-CIA_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-CIA_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-CIA_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html">"World Factbook"</a>. CIA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=World+Factbook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fgm.html&amp;rft.pub=CIA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pop-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-pop_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-pop_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/Migrationshintergrund2010220107004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile">Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit: Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund – Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2010</a>, p. 64 statistics</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2010/01/PD10_033_122.html">Germans without any migrant background</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/EN/PressServices/Press/pr/2010/07/PE10_248_122.html">"Press releases - For the first time more than 16 million people with migration background in Germany"</a>. Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) - Destatis.de. 14 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 November 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Press+releases+-+For+the+first+time+more+than+16+million+people+with+migration+background+in+Germany&amp;rft.date=14+July+2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FEN%2FPressServices%2FPress%2Fpr%2F2010%2F07%2FPE10_248_122.html&amp;rft.pub=Federal+Statistical+Office+%28Destatis%29+-+Destatis.de&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2011/09/PD11_355_122.html">"Pressemitteilungen - Ein Fünftel der Bevölkerung in Deutschland hatte 2010 einen Migrationshintergrund"</a> (in <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(German)</span>). Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) - Destatis.de. 26 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 November 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Pressemitteilungen+-+Ein+F%C3%BCnftel+der+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+in+Deutschland+hatte+2010+einen+Migrationshintergrund&amp;rft.date=26+September+2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FPresseService%2FPresse%2FPressemitteilungen%2F2011%2F09%2FPD11_355_122.html&amp;rft.pub=Statistisches+Bundesamt+%28Destatis%29+-+Destatis.de&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Statistisches Bundesamt</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/Zensus_Geschlecht_Staatsangehoerigkeit.html"><i>Bevölkerung auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011</i></a>. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-File_2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-File_2013_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-File_2013_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-File_2013_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-File_2013_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressekonferenzen/2013/Zensus2011/bevoelkerung_zensus2011.pdf?__blob=publicationFile"><i>Zensus 2011: Bevölkerung am 9. Mai 2011</i></a>. Retrieved 1 June 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-IMF-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-IMF_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-IMF_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-IMF_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-IMF_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=59&pr.y=9&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=134&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=">"Germany"</a>. International Monetary Fund. April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 17 April 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Germany&amp;rft.date=April+2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2013%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D59%26pr.y%3D9%26sy%3D2012%26ey%3D2012%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D134%26s%3DNGDP_R%252CNGDP%252CNGDPD%252CNGDPRPC%252CNGDPPC%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&amp;rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-eurogini-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-eurogini_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12">"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC)"</a>. Eurostat Data Explorer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 13 August 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income+%28source%3A+SILC%29&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fnui%2Fshow.do%3Fdataset%3Dilc_di12&amp;rft.pub=Eurostat+Data+Explorer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2013_CH.pdf">"Human Development Report 2013"</a>. UN. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 14 March 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2013&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2FHDR_2013_CH.pdf&amp;rft.pub=UN&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Mangold, Max, ed. (1995). <i>Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch</i> (in German) (6th ed.). Dudenverlag. pp.&nbsp;271, 53f. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-411-20916-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-411-20916-3">978-3-411-20916-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Duden%2C+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.edition=6th&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-411-20916-3&amp;rft.pages=271%2C+53f&amp;rft.pub=Dudenverlag&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Latin name <i>Sacrum Imperium</i> (Holy Empire) is documented as far back as 1157. The Latin name <i>Sacrum Romanum Imperium</i> (Holy Roman Empire) was first documented in 1254. The full name "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" (<i>Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation</i>) dates back to the 15th century.<br>
<span class="citation book">Zippelius, Reinhold (2006) [1994]. <i>Kleine deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: vom frühen Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart</i> [<i>Brief German Constitutional History: from the Early Middle Ages to the Present</i>] (in German) (7th ed.). Munich: Beck. p.&nbsp;25. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-47638-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-47638-9">978-3-406-47638-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Reinhold&amp;rft.aulast=Zippelius&amp;rft.au=Zippelius%2C+Reinhold&amp;rft.btitle=Kleine+deutsche+Verfassungsgeschichte%3A+vom+fr%C3%BChen+Mittelalter+bis+zur+Gegenwart&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=7th&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-406-47638-9&amp;rft.pages=25&amp;rft.place=Munich&amp;rft.pub=Beck&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-georgetown1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-georgetown1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-georgetown1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-georgetown1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-georgetown1_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/germany">"Germany"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 December 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Germany&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fcountries%2Fgermany&amp;rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen_Schulze" title="Hagen Schulze">Schulze, Hagen</a> (1998). <i>Germany: A New History</i>. Harvard University Press. p.&nbsp;4. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-80688-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-80688-3">0-674-80688-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Hagen&amp;rft.aulast=Schulze&amp;rft.au=Schulze%2C+Hagen&amp;rft.btitle=Germany%3A+A+New+History&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-674-80688-3&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Lloyd, Albert L.; Lühr, Rosemarie; Springer, Otto (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iKfYGNwwNVIC&pg=PA523"><i>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</i></a> (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht. pp.&nbsp;699–704. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-20768-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-20768-9">3-525-20768-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Lloyd&amp;rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Albert+L.&amp;rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Althochdeutschen%2C+Band+II&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKfYGNwwNVIC%26pg%3DPA523&amp;rft.isbn=3-525-20768-9&amp;rft.pages=699%E2%80%93704&amp;rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&amp;rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span> (for <i>diutisc</i>) <span class="citation book">Lloyd, Albert L.; Lühr, Rosemarie; Springer, Otto (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iKfYGNwwNVIC&pg=PA516"><i>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</i></a> (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht. pp.&nbsp;685–686. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-20768-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-20768-9">3-525-20768-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Lloyd&amp;rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Albert+L.&amp;rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Althochdeutschen%2C+Band+II&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKfYGNwwNVIC%26pg%3DPA516&amp;rft.isbn=3-525-20768-9&amp;rft.pages=685%E2%80%93686&amp;rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&amp;rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span> (for <i>diot</i>)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Claster, Jill N. (1982). <i>Medieval Experience: 300–1400</i>. New York University Press. p.&nbsp;35. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-1381-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-1381-5">0-8147-1381-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.au=Claster%2C+Jill+N.&amp;rft.aufirst=Jill+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Claster&amp;rft.btitle=Medieval+Experience%3A+300%E2%80%931400&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8147-1381-5&amp;rft.pages=35&amp;rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9-13-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-9-13_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-9-13_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook 1991, pp. 9–13.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (2005). <i>The crisis of empire, A.D. 193–337</i>. The Cambridge Ancient History <b>12</b>. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;442. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30199-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30199-8">0-521-30199-8</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.au=Bowman%2C+Alan+K.&amp;rft.au=Cameron%2C+Averil&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan+K.&amp;rft.au=Garnsey%2C+Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Bowman&amp;rft.btitle=The+crisis+of+empire%2C+A.D.+193%E2%80%93337&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-30199-8&amp;rft.pages=442&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.series=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.volume=12" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-f11-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-f11_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-f11_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook 1991, p. 11.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook 1991, pp. 13–24.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Nelson, Lynn Harry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/black_death.html"><i>The Great Famine (1315–1317) and the Black Death (1346–1351)</i></a>. University of Kansas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Lynn+Harry&amp;rft.aulast=Nelson&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C+Lynn+Harry&amp;rft.btitle=The+Great+Famine+%281315%E2%80%931317%29+and+the+Black+Death+%281346%E2%80%931351%29&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlib.us%2Fmedieval%2Flectures%2Fblack_death.html&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Kansas&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook 1991, p. 27.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Philpott, Daniel (January 2000). "The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations". <i>World Politics</i> <b>52</b> (2): 206–245. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0043887100002604">10.1017/S0043887100002604</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=The+Religious+Roots+of+Modern+International+Relations&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.aulast=Philpott&amp;rft.au=Philpott%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.date=January+2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0043887100002604&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=World+Politics&amp;rft.pages=206%E2%80%93245&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=52" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Macfarlane, Alan (1997). <i>The savage wars of peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian trap</i>. Blackwell. p.&nbsp;51. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18117-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18117-0">978-0-631-18117-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft.aulast=Macfarlane&amp;rft.au=Macfarlane%2C+Alan&amp;rft.btitle=The+savage+wars+of+peace%3A+England%2C+Japan+and+the+Malthusian+trap&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-631-18117-0&amp;rft.pages=51&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gagliardo, G., <i>Reich and Nation, The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806</i>, Indiana University Press, 1980, p. 12-13.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook 1991, p. 97.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Henderson, W. O. (January 1934). "The Zollverein". <i>History</i> <b>19</b> (73): 1–19. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1934.tb01791.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1934.tb01791.x</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=The+Zollverein&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+O.&amp;rft.au=Henderson%2C+W.+O.&amp;rft.aulast=Henderson&amp;rft.date=January+1934&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1934.tb01791.x&amp;rft.issue=73&amp;rft.jtitle=History&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9319&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=19" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-state-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-state_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-state_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-state_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-state_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-state_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-state_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-state_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-state_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-state_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3997.htm">"Germany"</a>. U.S. Department of State. 10 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Germany&amp;rft.date=10+November+2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3997.htm&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Black, John, ed. (2005). <i>100 maps</i>. Sterling Publishing. p.&nbsp;202. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-2885-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-2885-3">978-1-4027-2885-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=100+maps&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4027-2885-3&amp;rft.pages=202&amp;rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook 1991, pp. 135, 149.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Crossland, David (22 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,530319,00.html">"Last German World War I Veteran Believed to Have Died"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 25 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Last+German+World+War+I+Veteran+Believed+to+Have+Died&amp;rft.au=Crossland%2C+David&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Crossland&amp;rft.date=22+January+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F0%2C1518%2C530319%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Lee, Stephen J. (2003). <i>Europe, 1890–1945</i>. Routledge. p.&nbsp;131. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25455-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25455-7">978-0-415-25455-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Lee&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C+Stephen+J.&amp;rft.btitle=Europe%2C+1890%E2%80%931945&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-25455-7&amp;rft.pages=131&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Schmitz-Berning, Cornelia (1998 (2000 reprint)). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=9jmWOMks6bkC&pg=PA243#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Führer, Der Führer"</a>. <i>Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus</i>. Berlin. pp.&nbsp;240–245.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Vokabular+des+Nationalsozialismus&amp;rft.aufirst=Cornelia&amp;rft.aulast=Schmitz-Berning&amp;rft.au=Schmitz-Berning%2C+Cornelia&amp;rft.btitle=F%C3%BChrer%2C+Der+F%C3%BChrer&amp;rft.date=1998+%282000+reprint%29&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jmWOMks6bkC%26pg%3DPA243%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pages=240%E2%80%93245&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span> <span class="citation web">Thamer, Hans-Ulrich (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/geschichte/nationalsozialismus/dossier-nationalsozialismus/39548/gleichschaltung?p=5">"Beginn der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft (Teil 2)"</a>. <i>Nationalsozialismus I</i> (in German). Bonn: Federal Agency for Civic Education<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 April 2012</span>. "President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg</a> died on 2 August 1934. The day before, the cabinet had approved a submission making Hitler his successor. The office of the president was to be dissolved and united with that of the chancellor under the name "Führer und Reichskanzler". However, this was in breach of the Enabling Act (shortened &amp; paraphrased)."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Beginn+der+nationalsozialistischen+Herrschaft+%28Teil+2%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans-Ulrich&amp;rft.aulast=Thamer&amp;rft.au=Thamer%2C+Hans-Ulrich&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fnationalsozialismus%2Fdossier-nationalsozialismus%2F39548%2Fgleichschaltung%3Fp%3D5&amp;rft.jtitle=Nationalsozialismus+I&amp;rft.place=Bonn&amp;rft.pub=Federal+Agency+for+Civic+Education&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook 1991, pp. 156–160.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook 1991, pp. 155–158, 172–177.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/ermaechtigungsgesetz/index.html">"Das Ermächtigungsgesetz 1933"</a> (in German). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Historisches_Museum" title="Deutsches Historisches Museum">Deutsches Historisches Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 25 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Das+Erm%C3%A4chtigungsgesetz+1933&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fhtml%2Fnazi%2Finnenpolitik%2Fermaechtigungsgesetz%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Stackelberg, Roderick (1999). <i>Hitler's Germany: Origins, interpretations, legacies</i>. Routledge. p.&nbsp;103. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20115-5">978-0-415-20115-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Roderick&amp;rft.aulast=Stackelberg&amp;rft.au=Stackelberg%2C+Roderick&amp;rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Germany%3A+Origins%2C+interpretations%2C+legacies&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-20115-5&amp;rft.pages=103&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/wirtschaft/index.html">"Industrie und Wirtschaft"</a> (in German). Deutsches Historisches Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 25 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Industrie+und+Wirtschaft&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fhtml%2Fnazi%2Fwirtschaft%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook 1991, pp. 188–189.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fulbrook_190-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-Fulbrook_190_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-Fulbrook_190_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook 1991, pp. 190–195.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Steinberg, Heinz Günter (1991). <i>Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung in Deutschland im Zweiten Weltkrieg: mit einem Überblick über die Entwicklung von 1945 bis 1990</i> (in German). Kulturstiftung der dt. Vertriebenen. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88557-089-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88557-089-9">978-3-88557-089-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Heinz+G%C3%BCnter&amp;rft.aulast=Steinberg&amp;rft.au=Steinberg%2C+Heinz+G%C3%BCnter&amp;rft.btitle=Die+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsentwicklung+in+Deutschland+im+Zweiten+Weltkrieg%3A+mit+einem+%C3%9Cberblick+%C3%BCber+die+Entwicklung+von+1945+bis+1990&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-88557-089-9&amp;rft.pub=Kulturstiftung+der+dt.+Vertriebenen&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). <i>The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust</i>. Columbia University Press. pp.&nbsp;45–52. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11200-0">978-0-231-11200-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Niewyk&amp;rft.au=Niewyk%2C+Donald+L.&amp;rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-231-11200-0&amp;rft.pages=45%E2%80%9352&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4530565.stm">"Leaders mourn Soviet wartime dead"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Leaders+mourn+Soviet+wartime+dead&amp;rft.date=9+May+2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4530565.stm&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-R.C5.B1diger_Overmans_2000-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-R.C5.B1diger_Overmans_2000_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rűdiger Overmans. <i>Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg</i>. Oldenbourg 2000. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3486565311" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-486-56531-1</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Bd. 9/1, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3421062366" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-421-06236-6</a>. Page 460 (This study was prepared by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Armed_Forces_Military_History_Research_Office" title="German Armed Forces Military History Research Office">German Armed Forces Military History Research Office</a>, an agency of the German government)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonn&nbsp;: Kulturstiftung der Deutschen Vertriebenen, <i>Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen, 1945–1948&nbsp;: Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974&nbsp;: Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte</i> / [Redaktion, Silke Spieler]. Bonn&nbsp;:1989 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/388557067X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-88557-067-X</a>. (This is a study of German expulsion casualties due to "war crimes" prepared by the German government Archives)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2003) [2002]. <i>Berlin: The downfall 1945</i>. Penguin. pp.&nbsp;31–32, 409–412. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028696-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028696-0">978-0-14-028696-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.au=Beevor%2C+Antony&amp;rft.aufirst=Antony&amp;rft.aulast=Beevor&amp;rft.btitle=Berlin%3A+The+downfall+1945&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-14-028696-0&amp;rft.pages=31%E2%80%9332%2C+409%E2%80%93412&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Overy, Richard (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuremberg_article_01.shtml">"Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial"</a>. BBC History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 25 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Overy&amp;rft.au=Overy%2C+Richard&amp;rft.btitle=Nuremberg%3A+Nazis+on+Trial&amp;rft.date=17+February+2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwtwo%2Fnuremberg_article_01.shtml&amp;rft.pub=BBC+History&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/book/review/orderly-humane-expulsion-germans-richard-evans?page=0,1&utm_source=The%20New%20Republic&utm_campaign=c58b90ef8c-TNR_BA_062812&utm_medium=email">Richard J. Evans, "The Other Horror, Review of <i>Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War</i>, by R.M. Douglas"</a>, <i>The New Republic</i>, 25 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Wise, Michael Z. (1998). <i>Capital dilemma: Germany's search for a new architecture of democracy</i>. Princeton Architectural Press. p.&nbsp;23. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-134-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-134-5">978-1-56898-134-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+Z.&amp;rft.aulast=Wise&amp;rft.au=Wise%2C+Michael+Z.&amp;rft.btitle=Capital+dilemma%3A+Germany%27s+search+for+a+new+architecture+of+democracy&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-56898-134-5&amp;rft.pages=23&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-spiegel_20080311-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-spiegel_20080311_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">maw/dpa (11 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,540771,00.html">"New Study Finds More Stasi Spooks"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online – english site (www.spiegel.de/international)</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 30 October 2011</span>. "189,000 people were informers for the Stasi – the former Communist secret police – when East Germany collapsed in 1989 – 15,000 more than previous studies had suggested. [...] about one in 20 members of the former East German Communist party, the SED, was a secret police informant."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=New+Study+Finds+More+Stasi+Spooks&amp;rft.aulast=maw%2Fdpa&amp;rft.au=maw%2Fdpa&amp;rft.date=11+March+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F0%2C1518%2C540771%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online+%E2%80%93+english+site+%28www.spiegel.de%2Finternational%29&amp;rft.pub=Der+Spiegel&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Colchester, Nico (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/504285c4-68b6-11da-bd30-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=6f876a3c-e19f-11da-bf4c-0000779e2340.html">"D-mark day dawns"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=D-mark+day+dawns&amp;rft.au=Colchester%2C+Nico&amp;rft.aufirst=Nico&amp;rft.aulast=Colchester&amp;rft.date=1+January+2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2F504285c4-68b6-11da-bd30-0000779e2340%2Cdwp_uuid%3D6f876a3c-e19f-11da-bf4c-0000779e2340.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NYT_19890822-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-NYT_19890822_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Protzman, Ferdinand (22 August 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/22/world/westward-tide-of-east-germans-is-a-popular-no-confidence-vote.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"Westward Tide of East Germans Is a Popular No-Confidence Vote"</a>. <i>www.nytimes.com</i> (The New York Times)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 30 October 2011</span>. "Behind the mass flight, Western experts say, is widespread and deepening disillusionment with the Honecker leadership's policies, particularly the refusal to consider the type of economic and political changes taking place elsewhere in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Westward+Tide+of+East+Germans+Is+a+Popular+No-Confidence+Vote&amp;rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&amp;rft.aulast=Protzman&amp;rft.au=Protzman%2C+Ferdinand&amp;rft.date=22+August+1989&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F08%2F22%2Fworld%2Fwestward-tide-of-east-germans-is-a-popular-no-confidence-vote.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&amp;rft.jtitle=www.nytimes.com&amp;rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bundesrecht.juris.de/berlin_bonng/index.html">"Gesetz zur Umsetzung des Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages vom 20. Juni 1991 zur Vollendung der Einheit Deutschlands"</a> (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz. 26 April 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 April 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Gesetz+zur+Umsetzung+des+Beschlusses+des+Deutschen+Bundestages+vom+20.+Juni+1991+zur+Vollendung+der+Einheit+Deutschlands&amp;rft.date=26+April+1994&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbundesrecht.juris.de%2Fberlin_bonng%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=Bundesministerium+der+Justiz&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focus.de/panorama/boulevard/brennpunkt-hauptstadt-umzug_aid_175751.html">"Brennpunkt: Hauptstadt-Umzug"</a>. <i>Focus</i> (in German) (Munich). 12 April 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Brennpunkt%3A+Hauptstadt-Umzug&amp;rft.date=12+April+1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.focus.de%2Fpanorama%2Fboulevard%2Fbrennpunkt-hauptstadt-umzug_aid_175751.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Focus&amp;rft.place=Munich&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Dempsey, Judy (31 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/31/world/europe/31iht-germany.3343963.html">"Germany is planning a Bosnia withdrawal"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i> (Paris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 May 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Germany+is+planning+a+Bosnia+withdrawal&amp;rft.au=Dempsey%2C+Judy&amp;rft.aufirst=Judy&amp;rft.aulast=Dempsey&amp;rft.date=31+October+2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F10%2F31%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F31iht-germany.3343963.html&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Merz, Sebastian (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sipri.org/research/conflict/publications/merz">"Still on the way to Afghanistan? Germany and its forces in the Hindu Kush"</a> (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. pp.&nbsp;2, 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 16 April 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Sebastian&amp;rft.aulast=Merz&amp;rft.au=Merz%2C+Sebastian&amp;rft.btitle=Still+on+the+way+to+Afghanistan%3F+Germany+and+its+forces+in+the+Hindu+Kush&amp;rft.date=November+2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fresearch%2Fconflict%2Fpublications%2Fmerz&amp;rft.pages=2%2C+3&amp;rft.pub=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-climate-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-climate_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-climate_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/facts/bl_climate.htm">"Climate in Germany"</a>. GermanCulture<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Climate+in+Germany&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanculture.com.ua%2Flibrary%2Ffacts%2Fbl_climate.htm&amp;rft.pub=GermanCulture&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/ecoregion_list/">"Terrestrial Ecoregions"</a>. WWF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwf.panda.org%2Fabout_our_earth%2Fecoregions%2Fecoregion_list%2F&amp;rft.pub=WWF&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Strohm, Kathrin (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agribenchmark.org/fileadmin/freefiles/ccc_2010/Poster_Germany.pdf">"Arable farming in Germany"</a>. Agri benchmark<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 14 April 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathrin&amp;rft.aulast=Strohm&amp;rft.au=Strohm%2C+Kathrin&amp;rft.btitle=Arable+farming+in+Germany&amp;rft.date=May+2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agribenchmark.org%2Ffileadmin%2Ffreefiles%2Fccc_2010%2FPoster_Germany.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Agri+benchmark&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Bekker, Henk (2005). <i>Adventure Guide Germany</i>. Hunter. p.&nbsp;14. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-503-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-503-3">978-1-58843-503-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.au=Bekker%2C+Henk&amp;rft.aufirst=Henk&amp;rft.aulast=Bekker&amp;rft.btitle=Adventure+Guide+Germany&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-58843-503-3&amp;rft.pages=14&amp;rft.pub=Hunter&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.de/books?id=z2jlRq_0gOMC&pg=PA431&dq=cornflower+national+flower+germany&hl=de&sa=X&ei=3NqSUZKbOIWNtAb3u4HIDQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=cornflower%20national%20flower%20germany&f=false"><i>The Handy Science Answer Book: Cornflower</i></a>. Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 May 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=The+Handy+Science+Answer+Book%3A+Cornflower&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.de%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz2jlRq_0gOMC%26pg%3DPA431%26dq%3Dcornflower%2Bnational%2Bflower%2Bgermany%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D3NqSUZKbOIWNtAb3u4HIDQ%26ved%3D0CD4Q6AEwATgK%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dcornflower%2520national%2520flower%2520germany%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pub=Carnegie+Library+of+Pittsburgh&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwct.org.uk/education__advice/species_of_the_month/2009/1603.asp">"Education &amp; Advice: Cornflower"</a>. UK Game &amp; Wildlife Conservation Trust<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 14 May 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Education+%26+Advice%3A+Cornflower&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwct.org.uk%2Feducation__advice%2Fspecies_of_the_month%2F2009%2F1603.asp&amp;rft.pub=UK+Game+%26+Wildlife+Conservation+Trust&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.de/books?id=MORMAQAAIAAJ&q=bachelor%27s+button+national+flower+germany&dq=bachelor%27s+button+national+flower+germany&hl=de&sa=X&ei=8HiTUcT_MMXysgagyYHYDA&ved=0CGcQ6AEwBjhQ"><i>CORNFLOWER (Centaurea cyanus)</i></a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 May 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=CORNFLOWER+%28Centaurea+cyanus%29&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.de%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMORMAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbachelor%2527s%2Bbutton%2Bnational%2Bflower%2Bgermany%26dq%3Dbachelor%2527s%2Bbutton%2Bnational%2Bflower%2Bgermany%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D8HiTUcT_MMXysgagyYHYDA%26ved%3D0CGcQ6AEwBjhQ&amp;rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica%2C+Volume+6&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Taylor, Norman (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.de/books?id=mys8YuDFD34C&pg=PA201&dq=bachelor%27s+button+national+flower+germany&hl=de&sa=X&ei=SW6TUcOjNYjqswa87ID4Dg&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>One Thousand One Questions Answered about Flowers</i></a>. Constable and Company, London. p.&nbsp;201.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman&amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;rft.au=Taylor%2C+Norman&amp;rft.btitle=One+Thousand+One+Questions+Answered+about+Flowers&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.de%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmys8YuDFD34C%26pg%3DPA201%26dq%3Dbachelor%2527s%2Bbutton%2Bnational%2Bflower%2Bgermany%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DSW6TUcOjNYjqswa87ID4Dg%26ved%3D0CD4Q6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.pages=201&amp;rft.pub=Constable+and+Company%2C+London&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Wernert, Susan J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.de/books?id=zWoLHFZx72kC&q=bachelor%27s+button+national+flower+germany&dq=bachelor%27s+button+national+flower+germany&hl=de&sa=X&ei=EnSTUcXNIs_2sgant4DIDQ&ved=0CG0Q6AEwBzgy"><i>Reader's Digest North American Wildlife</i></a>. Reader's Digest Association. p.&nbsp;462.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Wernert&amp;rft.au=Wernert%2C+Susan+J.&amp;rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Digest+North+American+Wildlife&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.de%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWoLHFZx72kC%26q%3Dbachelor%2527s%2Bbutton%2Bnational%2Bflower%2Bgermany%26dq%3Dbachelor%2527s%2Bbutton%2Bnational%2Bflower%2Bgermany%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DEnSTUcXNIs_2sgant4DIDQ%26ved%3D0CG0Q6AEwBzgy&amp;rft.pages=462&amp;rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest+Association&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanzoos.info/Zoofacts.html">"Zoo Facts"</a>. Zoos and Aquariums of America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 16 April 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Zoo+Facts&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanzoos.info%2FZoofacts.html&amp;rft.pub=Zoos+and+Aquariums+of+America&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zoo-berlin.de/zoo/unternehmen/historie.html">"Der Zoologische Garten Berlin"</a> (in German). Zoo Berlin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Der+Zoologische+Garten+Berlin&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoo-berlin.de%2Fzoo%2Funternehmen%2Fhistorie.html&amp;rft.pub=Zoo+Berlin&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/80201000.pdf">"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"</a>. <i>Deutscher Bundestag</i>. Btg-bestellservice. October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 14 April 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Basic+Law+for+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&amp;rft.date=October+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.btg-bestellservice.de%2Fpdf%2F80201000.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=Deutscher+Bundestag&amp;rft.pub=Btg-bestellservice&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/germany/159.htm">"Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union"</a>. U.S. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Christian+Democratic+Union%2FChristian+Social+Union&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fgermany%2F159.htm&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/en/index.html">"Federal Constitutional Court"</a>. Bundesverfassungsgericht<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Federal+Constitutional+Court&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesverfassungsgericht.de%2Fen%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=Bundesverfassungsgericht&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bundesrecht.juris.de/vstgb/BJNR225410002.html#BJNR225410002BJNG000200000">"Völkerstrafgesetz Teil 1 Allgemeine Regelungen"</a> (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 April 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetz+Teil+1+Allgemeine+Regelungen&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbundesrecht.juris.de%2Fvstgb%2FBJNR225410002.html%23BJNR225410002BJNG000200000&amp;rft.pub=Bundesministerium+der+Justiz&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvollzg/__2.html">"§ 2 Strafvollzugsgesetz"</a> (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=%C2%A7+2+Strafvollzugsgesetz&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fstvollzg%2F__2.html&amp;rft.pub=Bundesministerium+der+Justiz&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREFJehleBMJ2009" class="citation book">Jehle, Jörg-Martin; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Justice_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Justice (Germany)">German Federal Ministry of Justice</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=-V-ng-8jOoQC&pg=PA23"><i>Criminal Justice in Germany</i></a>. Forum-Verlag. p.&nbsp;23. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-936999-51-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-936999-51-8">978-3-936999-51-8</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg-Martin&amp;rft.au=German+Federal+Ministry+of+Justice&amp;rft.au=Jehle%2C+J%C3%B6rg-Martin&amp;rft.aulast=Jehle&amp;rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+in+Germany&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-V-ng-8jOoQC%26pg%3DPA23&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-936999-51-8&amp;rft.pages=23&amp;rft.pub=Forum-Verlag&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREFCasperZeisel1972" class="citation journal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Casper" title="Gerhard Casper">Casper, Gerhard</a>; <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Zeisel" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Zeisel">Zeisel, Hans</a> (January 1972). "Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts". <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Legal_Studies" title="Journal of Legal Studies" class="mw-redirect">Journal of Legal Studies</a></i> <b>1</b> (1): 141. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/724014">724014</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Lay+Judges+in+the+German+Criminal+Courts&amp;rft.au=Casper%2C+Gerhard&amp;rft.aufirst=Gerhard&amp;rft.aulast=Casper&amp;rft.au=Zeisel%2C+Hans&amp;rft.date=January+1972&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jstor=724014&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Legal+Studies&amp;rft.pages=141&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The individual denomination is either <i>Land</i> [state], <i>Freistaat</i> [free state] or <i>Freie (und) Hansestadt</i> [free (and) Hanseatic city].<br>
<span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesrat.de/nn_11006/EN/organisation-en/laender-en/laender-en-node.html?__nnn=true">"The Federal States"</a>. <i>www.bundesrat.de</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat of Germany</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 17 July 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=The+Federal+States&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesrat.de%2Fnn_11006%2FEN%2Forganisation-en%2Flaender-en%2Flaender-en-node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue&amp;rft.jtitle=www.bundesrat.de&amp;rft.pub=Bundesrat+of+Germany&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span><br>
<span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Infoservice/Terminologie/Bundeslaender/Uebersicht_node.html">"Amtliche Bezeichnung der Bundesländer" [Official denomination of federated states]</a> (PDF; download file "Englisch"). <i>www.auswaertiges-amt.de</i> (in German). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Office_(Germany)" title="Foreign Office (Germany)">Federal Foreign Office</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 22 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Amtliche+Bezeichnung+der+Bundesl%C3%A4nder&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auswaertiges-amt.de%2FDE%2FInfoservice%2FTerminologie%2FBundeslaender%2FUebersicht_node.html&amp;rft.jtitle=www.auswaertiges-amt.de&amp;rft.pub=Federal+Foreign+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landtag.nrw.de/portal/WWW/GB_I/I.7/Europa/Wissenswertes/English_information/North_Rhine_Westphalia_Constitution_revised.jsp">"Example for state constitution: "Constitution of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia""</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landtag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia">Landtag (state assembly) of North Rhine-Westphalia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 17 July 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Example+for+state+constitution%3A+%22Constitution+of+the+Land+of+North+Rhine-Westphalia%22&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landtag.nrw.de%2Fportal%2FWWW%2FGB_I%2FI.7%2FEuropa%2FWissenswertes%2FEnglish_information%2FNorth_Rhine_Westphalia_Constitution_revised.jsp&amp;rft.pub=Landtag+%28state+assembly%29+of+North+Rhine-Westphalia&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/LaenderRegionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Administrativ/Aktuell/04Kreise.xls;jsessionid=611904454C9287BBBD47BE5D6103CAC1.cae2?__blob=publicationFile">"Kreisfreie Städte und Landkreise nach Fläche und Bevölkerung 31.12.2010"</a> (XLS) (in German). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Bundesamt" title="Statistisches Bundesamt" class="mw-redirect">Statistisches Bundesamt</a> Deutschland. October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 April 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Kreisfreie+St%C3%A4dte+und+Landkreise+nach+Fl%C3%A4che+und+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+31.12.2010&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FZahlenFakten%2FLaenderRegionen%2FRegionales%2FGemeindeverzeichnis%2FAdministrativ%2FAktuell%2F04Kreise.xls%3Bjsessionid%3D611904454C9287BBBD47BE5D6103CAC1.cae2%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile&amp;rft.pub=Statistisches+Bundesamt+Deutschland&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/AAmt/Auslandsvertretungen/Uebersicht_node.html">"German Missions Abroad"</a>. German Federal Foreign Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=German+Missions+Abroad&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auswaertiges-amt.de%2FEN%2FAAmt%2FAuslandsvertretungen%2FUebersicht_node.html&amp;rft.pub=German+Federal+Foreign+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/AAmt/Auslandsvertretungen/Botschaften_node.html">"The Embassies"</a>. German Federal Foreign Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=The+Embassies&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auswaertiges-amt.de%2FEN%2FAAmt%2FAuslandsvertretungen%2FBotschaften_node.html&amp;rft.pub=German+Federal+Foreign+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/budget/figures/2011/2011_en.cfm">"The EU budget 2011 in figures"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 May 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=The+EU+budget+2011+in+figures&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fbudget%2Ffigures%2F2011%2F2011_en.cfm&amp;rft.pub=European+Commission&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=ST/ADM/SER.B/824">"United Nations regular budget for the year 2011"</a>. UN Committee on Contributions<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 May 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=United+Nations+regular+budget+for+the+year+2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fga%2Fsearch%2Fview_doc.asp%3Fsymbol%3DST%2FADM%2FSER.B%2F824&amp;rft.pub=UN+Committee+on+Contributions&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambafrance-uk.org/Declaration-by-the-Franco-German,4519.html">"Declaration by the Franco-German Defence and Security Council"</a>. French Embassy UK. 13 May 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Declaration+by+the+Franco-German+Defence+and+Security+Council&amp;rft.date=13+May+2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambafrance-uk.org%2FDeclaration-by-the-Franco-German%2C4519.html&amp;rft.pub=French+Embassy+UK&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Freed, John C. (4 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/04/world/europe/04iht-poll.4.11666423.html">"The leader of Europe? Answers an ocean apart"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=The+leader+of+Europe%3F+Answers+an+ocean+apart&amp;rft.au=Freed%2C+John+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Freed%2C+John+C.&amp;rft.date=4+April+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F04%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F04iht-poll.4.11666423.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmz.de/en/index.html">"Aims of German development policy"</a>. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. 10 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Aims+of+German+development+policy&amp;rft.date=10+April+2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmz.de%2Fen%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=Federal+Ministry+for+Economic+Cooperation+and+Development&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/9/44981892.pdf">"Net Official Development Assistance 2009"</a>. OECD<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Net+Official+Development+Assistance+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdataoecd%2F17%2F9%2F44981892.pdf&amp;rft.pub=OECD&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesregierung.de/nn_6566/Content/EN/Reden/2010/2010-09-21-merkel-mdg-gipfel.html">"Speech by Chancellor Angela Merkel to the United Nations General Assembly"</a>. <i>Die Bundesregierung</i>. 21 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Speech+by+Chancellor+Angela+Merkel+to+the+United+Nations+General+Assembly&amp;rft.date=21+September+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesregierung.de%2Fnn_6566%2FContent%2FEN%2FReden%2F2010%2F2010-09-21-merkel-mdg-gipfel.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Die+Bundesregierung&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Harrison, Hope (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghi-dc.org/files/publications/bu_supp/supp1/supp-01_005.pdf">"American détente and German ostpolitik, 1969–1972"</a>. <i>Bulletin Supplement</i> (German Historical Institute) <b>1</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=American+d%C3%A9tente+and+German+ostpolitik%2C+1969%E2%80%931972&amp;rft.aufirst=Hope&amp;rft.au=Harrison%2C+Hope&amp;rft.aulast=Harrison&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghi-dc.org%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fbu_supp%2Fsupp1%2Fsupp-01_005.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+Supplement&amp;rft.pub=German+Historical+Institute&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1741310,00.html">"Germany's New Face Abroad"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>. 14 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Germany%27s+New+Face+Abroad&amp;rft.date=14+October+2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C2144%2C1741310%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/7141311?story_id=7141311">"Ready for a Bush hug?"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 6 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Ready+for+a+Bush+hug%3F&amp;rft.date=6+July+2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F7141311%3Fstory_id%3D7141311&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germany.usembassy.gov/germany/img/assets/9336/econ_factsheet_may2006.pdf">"U.S.-German Economic Relations Factsheet"</a>. U.S. Embassy in Berlin. May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=U.S.-German+Economic+Relations+Factsheet&amp;rft.date=May+2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermany.usembassy.gov%2Fgermany%2Fimg%2Fassets%2F9336%2Fecon_factsheet_may2006.pdf&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Embassy+in+Berlin&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/resultoutput/milex_15/the-15-countries-with-the-highest-military-expenditure-in-2011-table/view">"The 15 countries with the highest military expenditure in 2011"</a>. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 April 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=The+15+countries+with+the+highest+military+expenditure+in+2011&amp;rft.date=September+2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fresearch%2Farmaments%2Fmilex%2Fresultoutput%2Fmilex_15%2Fthe-15-countries-with-the-highest-military-expenditure-in-2011-table%2Fview&amp;rft.pub=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/gg/gesamt.pdf">"Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Artikel 65a,87,115b"</a> (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Grundgesetz+f%C3%BCr+die+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland%2C+Artikel+65a%2C87%2C115b&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fbundesrecht%2Fgg%2Fgesamt.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Bundesministerium+der+Justiz&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/DcmxDYAwDATAWVgg7unYAugc8kSWI4OMIesTXXm002D8SeWQy7jRStshc-4p94L0hENCnXEGUvXXSuMKG8FwBd26TD9uIZiT/">"Die Stärke der Streitkräfte"</a> (in German). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a>. 23 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 20 April 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Die+St%C3%A4rke+der+Streitkr%C3%A4fte&amp;rft.date=23+March+2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswehr.de%2Fportal%2Fa%2Fbwde%2F%21ut%2Fp%2Fc4%2FDcmxDYAwDATAWVgg7unYAugc8kSWI4OMIesTXXm002D8SeWQy7jRStshc-4p94L0hENCnXEGUvXXSuMKG8FwBd26TD9uIZiT%2F&amp;rft.pub=Bundeswehr&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-bwzukunft-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-bwzukunft_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-bwzukunft_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP3I5EyrpHK9pPKUVL3ikqLUzJLsosTUtJJUvbzU0vTU4pLEnJLSvHRUuYKcxDygoH5BtqMiAMTJdF8!/">"Ausblick: Die Bundeswehr der Zukunft"</a> (in German). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 June 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Ausblick%3A+Die+Bundeswehr+der+Zukunft&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswehr.de%2Fportal%2Fa%2Fbwde%2F%21ut%2Fp%2Fc4%2F04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP3I5EyrpHK9pPKUVL3ikqLUzJLsosTUtJJUvbzU0vTU4pLEnJLSvHRUuYKcxDygoH5BtqMiAMTJdF8%21%2F&amp;rft.pub=Bundeswehr&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/einsaetze/einsatzzahlen?yw_contentURL=/C1256EF4002AED30/W264VFT2439INFODE/content.jsp">"Einsatzzahlen – Die Stärke der deutschen Einsatzkontingente"</a> (in German). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 14 April 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Einsatzzahlen+%E2%80%93+Die+St%C3%A4rke+der+deutschen+Einsatzkontingente&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswehr.de%2Fportal%2Fa%2Fbwde%2Feinsaetze%2Feinsatzzahlen%3Fyw_contentURL%3D%2FC1256EF4002AED30%2FW264VFT2439INFODE%2Fcontent.jsp&amp;rft.pub=Bundeswehr&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Connolly, Kate (22 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/22/germany-abolish-compulsory-military-service">"Germany to abolish compulsory military service"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (UK)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 April 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Germany+to+abolish+compulsory+military+service&amp;rft.au=Connolly%2C+Kate&amp;rft.aulast=Connolly%2C+Kate&amp;rft.date=22+November+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fnov%2F22%2Fgermany-abolish-compulsory-military-service&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.place=UK&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Pidd, Helen (16 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/16/conscription-germany-army">"Marching orders for conscription in Germany, but what will take its place?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (UK)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 April 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Marching+orders+for+conscription+in+Germany%2C+but+what+will+take+its+place%3F&amp;rft.aulast=Pidd%2C+Helen&amp;rft.au=Pidd%2C+Helen&amp;rft.date=16+March+2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fmar%2F16%2Fconscription-germany-army&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.place=UK&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/FcwxEoUgDAXAE0l6O0_x1YZ5QMSMEp2In-urs_3STC_FXzKqHIqdRpqi9KG50BK7qxpL3Qy8VHbZbk07MqtbDDerF_WJzYdGv286DbmAJj26iLgynaUMD6qutPs!/">"Frauen in der Bundeswehr"</a> (in German). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 14 April 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Frauen+in+der+Bundeswehr&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswehr.de%2Fportal%2Fa%2Fbwde%2F%21ut%2Fp%2Fc4%2FFcwxEoUgDAXAE0l6O0_x1YZ5QMSMEp2In-urs_3STC_FXzKqHIqdRpqi9KG50BK7qxpL3Qy8VHbZbk07MqtbDDerF_WJzYdGv286DbmAJj26iLgynaUMD6qutPs%21%2F&amp;rft.pub=Bundeswehr&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Norris, Floyd (20 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/20/business/economy/20charts.html">"A Shift in the Export Powerhouses"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=A+Shift+in+the+Export+Powerhouses&amp;rft.aufirst=Floyd&amp;rft.aulast=Norris&amp;rft.au=Norris%2C+Floyd&amp;rft.date=20+February+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F02%2F20%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2F20charts.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table">"CPI 2009 table"</a>. Transparency International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 May 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=CPI+2009+table&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.transparency.org%2Fpolicy_research%2Fsurveys_indices%2Fcpi%2F2009%2Fcpi_2009_table&amp;rft.pub=Transparency+International&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcg.com/documents/file15445.pdf">"The Innovation Imperative in Manufacturing: How the United States Can Restore Its Edge"</a>. Boston Consulting Group. March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=The+Innovation+Imperative+in+Manufacturing%3A+How+the+United+States+Can+Restore+Its+Edge&amp;rft.date=March+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcg.com%2Fdocuments%2Ffile15445.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Boston+Consulting+Group&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-wbpdf-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-wbpdf_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf">"Gross domestic product (2009)"</a>. <i>The World Bank: World Development Indicators database</i>. World Bank. 27 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 January 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Gross+domestic+product+%282009%29&amp;rft.date=27+September+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FDATASTATISTICS%2FResources%2FGDP.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank%3A+World+Development+Indicators+database&amp;rft.pub=World+Bank&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span><br>
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2195.html">Field listing – GDP (official exchange rate)</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP_PPP.pdf">"Gross domestic product (2009)"</a>. <i>The World Bank: World Development Indicators database</i>. World Bank. 27 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 October 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Gross+domestic+product+%282009%29&amp;rft.date=27+September+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FDATASTATISTICS%2FResources%2FGDP_PPP.pdf&amp;rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank%3A+World+Development+Indicators+database&amp;rft.pub=World+Bank&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span><br>
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">Field listing – GDP (PPP exchange rate)</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Financial Crisis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/9643193/EU-budget-who-pays-what-and-how-it-is-spent.html">"EU budget: who pays what and how it is spent"</a>. Telegraph<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 November 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.au=Financial+Crisis&amp;rft.aulast=Financial+Crisis&amp;rft.btitle=EU+budget%3A+who+pays+what+and+how+it+is+spent&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Ffinancialcrisis%2F9643193%2FEU-budget-who-pays-what-and-how-it-is-spent.html&amp;rft.pub=Telegraph&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1239/umfrage/aktuelle-arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-monatsdurchschnittswerte/">"Arbeitslosenquote in Deutschland von Juli 2012 bis Juli 2013"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Arbeitslosenquote+in+Deutschland+von+Juli+2012+bis+Juli+2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F1239%2Fumfrage%2Faktuelle-arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-monatsdurchschnittswerte%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Press office of the Deutsche Bundesbank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesbank.de/statistik/statistik_konjunktur.en.php">"Deutsche Bundesbank - Statistics"</a>. Bundesbank.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 June 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aulast=Press+office+of+the+Deutsche+Bundesbank&amp;rft.au=Press+office+of+the+Deutsche+Bundesbank&amp;rft.btitle=Deutsche+Bundesbank+-+Statistics&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesbank.de%2Fstatistik%2Fstatistik_konjunktur.en.php&amp;rft.pub=Bundesbank.de&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-euroc-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-euroc_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Andrews, Edmund L. (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/01/world/germans-say-goodbye-to-the-mark-a-symbol-of-strength-and-unity.html">"Germans Say Goodbye to the Mark, a Symbol of Strength and Unity"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Germans+Say+Goodbye+to+the+Mark%2C+a+Symbol+of+Strength+and+Unity&amp;rft.au=Andrews%2C+Edmund+L.&amp;rft.aufirst=Edmund+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Andrews&amp;rft.date=1+January+2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F01%2F01%2Fworld%2Fgermans-say-goodbye-to-the-mark-a-symbol-of-strength-and-unity.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Taylor Martin, Susan (28 December 1998). "On Jan.&nbsp;1, out of many arises one Euro". <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" title="St. Petersburg Times" class="mw-redirect">St. Petersburg Times</a></i>. p.&nbsp;National, 1.A.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=On+Jan.%26nbsp%3B1%2C+out+of+many+arises+one+Euro&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan&amp;rft.aulast=Taylor+Martin&amp;rft.au=Taylor+Martin%2C+Susan&amp;rft.date=28+December+1998&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&amp;rft.pages=National%2C+1.A&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Berg, S.; Winter, S.; Wassermann, A. (5 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,373639,00.html">"The Price of a Failed Reunification"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 November 2006</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=The+Price+of+a+Failed+Reunification&amp;rft.au=Berg%2C+S.%3B+Winter%2C+S.%3B+Wassermann%2C+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Berg%2C+S.%3B+Winter%2C+S.%3B+Wassermann%2C+A.&amp;rft.date=5+September+2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fspiegel%2F0%2C1518%2C373639%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Kulish, Nicholas (19 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/19/world/europe/19germany.html">"In East Germany, a Decline as Stark as a Wall"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=In+East+Germany%2C+a+Decline+as+Stark+as+a+Wall&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Kulish%2C+Nicholas&amp;rft.aulast=Kulish&amp;rft.date=19+June+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F06%2F19%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F19germany.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20090106-germany-agrees-new-50-billion-euro-stimulus-plan">"Germany agrees on 50-billion-euro stimulus plan"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 6 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Germany+agrees+on+50-billion-euro+stimulus+plan&amp;rft.date=6+January+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20090106-germany-agrees-new-50-billion-euro-stimulus-plan&amp;rft.jtitle=France+24&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interbrand.com/en/best-global-brands/best-global-brands-2008/best-global-brands-2010.aspx">"The 100 Top Brands 2010"</a>. Interbrand<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=The+100+Top+Brands+2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interbrand.com%2Fen%2Fbest-global-brands%2Fbest-global-brands-2008%2Fbest-global-brands-2010.aspx&amp;rft.pub=Interbrand&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Gavin, Mike (23 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-23/germany-has-1-000-market-leading-companies-manager-magazin-says.html">"Germany Has 1,000 Market-Leading Companies, Manager-Magazin Says"</a>. <i>Businessweek</i> (New York)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Germany+Has+1%2C000+Market-Leading+Companies%2C+Manager-Magazin+Says&amp;rft.au=Gavin%2C+Mike&amp;rft.aulast=Gavin%2C+Mike&amp;rft.date=23+September+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2010-09-23%2Fgermany-has-1-000-market-leading-companies-manager-magazin-says.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Businessweek&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/Germany.html">"Global 500: Countries&nbsp;– Germany"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. 26 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Global+500%3A+Countries%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Germany&amp;rft.date=26+July+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fmagazines%2Ffortune%2Fglobal500%2F2010%2Fcountries%2FGermany.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presse.adac.de/standpunkte/Verkehr/Autobahn_Temporegelung.asp?active1=tcm:11-18784-4">"Autobahn-Temporegelung"</a> (Press release) (in German). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAC" title="ADAC">ADAC</a>. June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Autobahn-Temporegelung&amp;rft.date=June+2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presse.adac.de%2Fstandpunkte%2FVerkehr%2FAutobahn_Temporegelung.asp%3Factive1%3Dtcm%3A11-18784-4&amp;rft.pub=ADAC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/Binaer/Energiedaten/energiegewinnung-und-energieverbrauch2-primaerenergieverbrauch.xls">"Primärenergieverbrauch nach Energieträgern"</a> (in German). Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie. December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 April 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Prim%C3%A4renergieverbrauch+nach+Energietr%C3%A4gern&amp;rft.date=December+2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmwi.de%2FBMWi%2FRedaktion%2FBinaer%2FEnergiedaten%2Fenergiegewinnung-und-energieverbrauch2-primaerenergieverbrauch.xls&amp;rft.pub=Bundesministerium+f%C3%BCr+Wirtschaft+und+Technologie&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4295389.stm">"Germany split over green energy"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Germany+split+over+green+energy&amp;rft.date=25+February+2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4295389.stm&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kst.portalu.de/dokumente/Aktuelles/Inventar-Bericht_Treibhausgas_2008.pdf">"Deutschland erfüllte 2008 seine Klimaschutzverpflichtung nach dem Kyoto-Protokoll"</a> (Press release) (in German). Umweltbundesamt. 1 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Deutschland+erf%C3%BCllte+2008+seine+Klimaschutzverpflichtung+nach+dem+Kyoto-Protokoll&amp;rft.date=1+February+2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kst.portalu.de%2Fdokumente%2FAktuelles%2FInventar-Bericht_Treibhausgas_2008.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Umweltbundesamt&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-21/pollution/27752791_1_energy-security-global-energy-germany">"Germany greenest country in the world"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i> (New Delhi). 21 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Germany+greenest+country+in+the+world&amp;rft.date=21+June+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2008-06-21%2Fpollution%2F27752791_1_energy-security-global-energy-germany&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&amp;rft.place=New+Delhi&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/prelim_2009_2010_estimates.html">"Record High 2010 Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Combustion and Cement Manufacture Posted on CDIAC Site"</a>. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 May 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Record+High+2010+Global+Carbon+Dioxide+Emissions+from+Fossil-Fuel+Combustion+and+Cement+Manufacture+Posted+on+CDIAC+Site&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdiac.ornl.gov%2Ftrends%2Femis%2Fprelim_2009_2010_estimates.html&amp;rft.pub=Carbon+Dioxide+Information+Analysis+Center&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmbf.de/pub/bufi_2010_en.pdf">"Federal Report on Research and Innovation 2010"</a> (PDF). Federal Ministry of Education and Research. June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 May 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Federal+Report+on+Research+and+Innovation+2010&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmbf.de%2Fpub%2Fbufi_2010_en.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Federal+Ministry+of+Education+and+Research&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/">"Nobel Prize"</a>. Nobelprize.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2F&amp;rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/63944/title/Swedish_academy_awards">"Swedish academy awards"</a>. <i>ScienceNews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 October 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Swedish+academy+awards&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Fview%2Fgeneric%2Fid%2F63944%2Ftitle%2FSwedish_academy_awards&amp;rft.jtitle=ScienceNews&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Science Nobel Prize shares 1901–2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/sci.html">by citizenship at the time of the award</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/scinat.html">by country of birth</a>. From <span class="citation web"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Schmidhuber, J.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/nobelshare.html">"Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th century"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aulast=Schmidhuber%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Schmidhuber%2C+J.&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+of+National+Nobel+Prize+Shares+in+the+20th+century&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idsia.ch%2F~juergen%2Fnobelshare.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Roberts, J. M. (2002). <i>The New Penguin History of the World</i>. Allen Lane. p.&nbsp;1014. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9611-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9611-1">978-0-7139-9611-1</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Roberts&amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C+J.+M.&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Penguin+History+of+the+World&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9611-1&amp;rft.pages=1014&amp;rft.pub=Allen+Lane&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5984670,00.html">"The First Nobel Prize"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. 8 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=The+First+Nobel+Prize&amp;rft.date=8+September+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C5984670%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famousscientists.org/otto-hahn">"Otto Hahn"</a>. FamousScientists.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 December 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Otto+Hahn&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famousscientists.org%2Fotto-hahn&amp;rft.pub=FamousScientists.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080621091621/http://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/scientific_prizes/gw_leibniz_prize.html">"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize"</a>. DFG. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/scientific_prizes/gw_leibniz_prize.html">the original</a> on 21 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Gottfried+Wilhelm+Leibniz+Prize&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfg.de%2Fen%2Fresearch_funding%2Fscientific_prizes%2Fgw_leibniz_prize.html&amp;rft.pub=DFG&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Bianchi, Luigi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/lbianchi/sts3700b/lecture17a.html">"The Great Electromechanical Computers"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 17 April 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.au=Bianchi%2C+Luigi&amp;rft.aufirst=Luigi&amp;rft.aulast=Bianchi&amp;rft.btitle=The+Great+Electromechanical+Computers&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorku.ca%2Flbianchi%2Fsts3700b%2Flecture17a.html&amp;rft.pub=York+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/zeppelin/LTA8.htm">"The Zeppelin"</a>. U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=The+Zeppelin&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.gov%2Fessay%2FLighter_than_air%2Fzeppelin%2FLTA8.htm&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Centennial+of+Flight+Commission&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/aboutitu/HistoricalFigures.html">"Historical figures in telecommunications"</a>. International Telecommunication Union. 14 January 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+figures+in+telecommunications&amp;rft.date=14+January+2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Faboutitu%2FHistoricalFigures.html&amp;rft.pub=International+Telecommunication+Union&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Berger_Strategy_Consultants" title="Roland Berger Strategy Consultants">Roland Berger Strategy Consultants</a>: <i>Green Growth, Green Profit&nbsp;– How Green Transformation Boosts Business</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, New York 2010, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230285439" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-230-28543-9</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html?countryName=Lebanon&countryCode=le&regionCode=me&rank=126">"Country Comparison&nbsp;:: Population"</a>. CIA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 June 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Country+Comparison+%3A%3A+Population&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2119rank.html%3FcountryName%3DLebanon%26countryCode%3Dle%26regionCode%3Dme%26rank%3D126&amp;rft.pub=CIA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geographyfieldwork.com/DemographicTransition.htm">"Demographic Transition Model"</a>. Barcelona Field Studies Centre. 27 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Demographic+Transition+Model&amp;rft.date=27+September+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeographyfieldwork.com%2FDemographicTransition.htm&amp;rft.pub=Barcelona+Field+Studies+Centre&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2009/11/PD09_435_12411.html;jsessionid=7247D871DEB96E4AE313EE55A45CEFC1.cae1">"Im Jahr 2060 wird jeder Siebente 80 Jahre oder älter sein"</a> (Press release) (in German). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Statistical_Office_of_Germany" title="Federal Statistical Office of Germany">Destatis</a>. 18 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 April 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Im+Jahr+2060+wird+jeder+Siebente+80+Jahre+oder+%C3%A4lter+sein&amp;rft.date=18+November+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FPresseService%2FPresse%2FPressemitteilungen%2F2009%2F11%2FPD09_435_12411.html%3Bjsessionid%3D7247D871DEB96E4AE313EE55A45CEFC1.cae1&amp;rft.pub=Destatis&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span><br>
Details on the methodology, detailed tables, etc. are provided at <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20101229190016/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/abisz/Bevoelkerungsvorausberechnung,templateId=renderPrint.psml">"Bevölkerungsentwicklung in Deutschland bis 2060"</a> (in German). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Bundesamt" title="Statistisches Bundesamt" class="mw-redirect">Statistisches Bundesamt</a>. 18 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/abisz/Bevoelkerungsvorausberechnung,templateId=renderPrint.psml">the original</a> on 29 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 February 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerungsentwicklung+in+Deutschland+bis+2060&amp;rft.date=18+November+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2Fjetspeed%2Fportal%2Fcms%2FSites%2Fdestatis%2FInternet%2FDE%2FPresse%2Fabisz%2FBevoelkerungsvorausberechnung%2CtemplateId%3DrenderPrint.psml&amp;rft.pub=Statistisches+Bundesamt&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.de/society/20101229-32091.html#.UXUZKEpTv3N">Birth rate on the rise in Germany</a> (The Local)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/elite-young-immigrants-could-provide-future-stability-for-german-economy-a-885647.html">The New Guest Workers: A German Dream for Crisis Refugees</a> (Spiegel)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/more-skilled-immigrants-find-work-in-germany/a-16696339">More skilled immigrants find work in Germany</a> (DW)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/german-population-rises-thanks-to-immigration/a-16525083">German population rises thanks to immigration</a> (DW)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/Migrationshintergrund2010220107004.pdf">Population and employment: Population with migrant background&nbsp;– Results of the 2010 microcensus</a> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Statistical_Office_of_Germany" title="Federal Statistical Office of Germany">Federal Statistical Office</a> defines persons with a migrant background as all persons who migrated to the present area of the Federal Republic of Germany after 1949, plus all foreign nationals born in Germany and all persons born in Germany as German nationals with at least one parent who migrated to Germany or was born in Germany as a foreign national.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-destatis.de-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-destatis.de_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-destatis.de_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-destatis.de_147-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/EN/Publications/STATmagazin/Population/2012_03/2012_03MigrantBackground.html">"Publikation - STATmagazin - Population - Families with a migrant background: traditional values count - Federal Statistical Office (Destatis)"</a>. Destatis.de. 13 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 November 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Publikation+-+STATmagazin+-+Population+-+Families+with+a+migrant+background%3A+traditional+values+count+-+Federal+Statistical+Office+%28Destatis%29&amp;rft.date=13+March+2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FEN%2FPublications%2FSTATmagazin%2FPopulation%2F2012_03%2F2012_03MigrantBackground.html&amp;rft.pub=Destatis.de&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Chart/Migration2006.pdf">"International Migration 2006"</a>. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=International+Migration+2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2F2006Migration_Chart%2FMigration2006.pdf&amp;rft.pub=UN+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focus-migration.de/Germany.1509.0.html?&L=1">"Germany"</a>. Focus-Migration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Germany&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.focus-migration.de%2FGermany.1509.0.html%3F%26L%3D1&amp;rft.pub=Focus-Migration&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">"20% of Germans have immigrant roots". <i>Burlington Free Press</i>. 15 July 2010. p.&nbsp;4A.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=20%25+of+Germans+have+immigrant+roots&amp;rft.date=15+July+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Burlington+Free+Press&amp;rft.pages=4A&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20101229095012/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Statistiken/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/Migrationshintergrund/Tabellen/Content100/MigrationshintergrundStaatsangehoerigkeit,templateId=renderPrint.psml">"Bevölkerung nach Migrationshintergrund"</a> (in German). German Federal Statistical Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Statistiken/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/Migrationshintergrund/Tabellen/Content100/MigrationshintergrundStaatsangehoerigkeit,templateId=renderPrint.psml">the original</a> on 29 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+Migrationshintergrund&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2Fjetspeed%2Fportal%2Fcms%2FSites%2Fdestatis%2FInternet%2FDE%2FContent%2FStatistiken%2FBevoelkerung%2FMigrationIntegration%2FMigrationshintergrund%2FTabellen%2FContent100%2FMigrationshintergrundStaatsangehoerigkeit%2CtemplateId%3DrenderPrint.psml&amp;rft.pub=German+Federal+Statistical+Office&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=201">"Fewer Ethnic Germans Immigrating to Ancestral Homeland"</a>. Migration Information Source. February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Fewer+Ethnic+Germans+Immigrating+to+Ancestral+Homeland&amp;rft.date=February+2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationinformation.org%2FFeature%2Fdisplay.cfm%3FID%3D201&amp;rft.pub=Migration+Information+Source&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:535&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=false&-charIterations=047&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en">"U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 American Community Survey"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau%2C+2005+American+Community+Survey&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FIPTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-reg%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201%3A535%3BACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR%3A535%3BACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T%3A535%3BACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR%3A535%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR%26-ds_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_%26-TABLE_NAMEX%3D%26-ci_type%3DA%26-redoLog%3Dfalse%26-charIterations%3D047%26-geo_id%3D01000US%26-format%3D%26-_lang%3Den&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span> The 1990 census gives 57.9 million, or 23.3% of the U.S. population.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-The_German_Times-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-The_German_Times_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Akstinat, Simon (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.german-times.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1127&Itemid=68">"German Roots - Gisele Bündchen"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.au=Akstinat%2C+Simon&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon&amp;rft.aulast=Akstinat&amp;rft.btitle=German+Roots+-+Gisele+B%C3%BCndchen&amp;rft.date=August+2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.german-times.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1127%26Itemid%3D68&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/areas/secretaria_gral/colectividades/?col=1">"Obsevatorio de Colectividades&nbsp;– Comunidad Alemana"</a>. Buenosaires.gob.ar<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 September 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Obsevatorio+de+Colectividades%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Comunidad+Alemana&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buenosaires.gob.ar%2Fareas%2Fsecretaria_gral%2Fcolectividades%2F%3Fcol%3D1&amp;rft.pub=Buenosaires.gob.ar&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang=E&T=501&GV=1&GID=0">2001 Canadian Census</a> gives 2,742,765 total respondents stating their <i>ethnic origin</i> as partly German, with 705,600 stating "single-ancestry".</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Chart/Migration2006.pdf">"International Migration 2006"</a> UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved 18 March 2011.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/nachschlagen/zahlen-und-fakten/soziale-situation-in-deutschland/61646/migrationshintergrund-i">"Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund I | bpb"</a> (in <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(German)</span>). Bpb.de. 6 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 13 August 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+mit+Migrationshintergrund+I+%26%23124%3B+bpb&amp;rft.date=6+October+2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fnachschlagen%2Fzahlen-und-fakten%2Fsoziale-situation-in-deutschland%2F61646%2Fmigrationshintergrund-i&amp;rft.pub=Bpb.de&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2011/09/PD11_355_122.html">"Pressemitteilungen - Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) - Ein Fünftel der Bevölkerung in Deutschland hatte 2010 einen Migrationshintergrund- Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)"</a> (in <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(German)</span>). Destatis.de. 26 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 13 August 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Pressemitteilungen+-+Statistisches+Bundesamt+%28Destatis%29+-+Ein+F%C3%BCnftel+der+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+in+Deutschland+hatte+2010+einen+Migrationshintergrund-+Statistisches+Bundesamt+%28Destatis%29&amp;rft.date=26+September+2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FPresseService%2FPresse%2FPressemitteilungen%2F2011%2F09%2FPD11_355_122.html&amp;rft.pub=Destatis.de&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2013/05/PD13_188_121.html">"Zensus 2011: 80,2 Millionen Einwohner lebten am 9. Mai 2011 in Deutschland"</a> (in <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(German)</span>). Destatis Statistisches Bundesamt. 3 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 9 August 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Zensus+2011%3A+80%2C2+Millionen+Einwohner+lebten+am+9.+Mai+2011+in+Deutschland&amp;rft.date=3+May+2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FPresseService%2FPresse%2FPressemitteilungen%2F2013%2F05%2FPD13_188_121.html&amp;rft.pub=Destatis+Statistisches+Bundesamt&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This number represents the number of people without "immigrant background", meaning people with two parents of mostly or full German ancestry. It does not represent the number of people who view themselves as German. This number does not include people with a German forebear, who came to modern Germany after 1955 (including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aussiedler" title="Aussiedler" class="mw-redirect">Aussiedler</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4taussiedler" title="Spätaussiedler" class="mw-redirect">Spätaussiedler</a>) and descendants of that person.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-metropolregionen.org/fileadmin/ikm/01_monitoring/IKM_Monitoring2010.pdf">"Regionales Monitoring 2010 - Daten und Karten zu den Europäischen Metropolregionen in Deutschland"</a> (in German). Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung. 2010. p.&nbsp;10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 11 April 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Regionales+Monitoring+2010+-+Daten+und+Karten+zu+den+Europ%C3%A4ischen+Metropolregionen+in+Deutschland&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-metropolregionen.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fikm%2F01_monitoring%2FIKM_Monitoring2010.pdf&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr+Bauwesen+und+Raumordnung&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ekd-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-ekd_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-ekd_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekd.de/statistik/mitglieder.html">"EKD-Statistik: Christen in Deutschland 2007"</a> (in German). Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=EKD-Statistik%3A+Christen+in+Deutschland+2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekd.de%2Fstatistik%2Fmitglieder.html&amp;rft.pub=Evangelische+Kirche+in+Deutschland&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-fowid-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-fowid_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-fowid_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fowid.de/fileadmin/datenarchiv/Religionszugehoerigkeit_Bevoelkerung__1950-2008.pdf">"Konfessionen in Deutschland"</a> (in German). Fowid. 9 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Konfessionen+in+Deutschland&amp;rft.date=9+September+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffowid.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fdatenarchiv%2FReligionszugehoerigkeit_Bevoelkerung__1950-2008.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Fowid&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MLD-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-MLD_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-MLD_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmi.bund.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/566008/publicationFile/31710/vollversion_studie_muslim_leben_deutschland_.pdf;jsessionid=6B8CD26E2AC179111AF4F75650B84B1A">"Chapter 2: Wie viele Muslime leben in Deutschland?"</a> (PDF). <i>Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland</i> (in German). Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge. June 2009. pp.&nbsp;80, 97. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9812115-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9812115-1-1">978-3-9812115-1-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Muslimisches+Leben+in+Deutschland&amp;rft.btitle=Chapter+2%3A+Wie+viele+Muslime+leben+in+Deutschland%3F&amp;rft.date=June+2009&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmi.bund.de%2Fcae%2Fservlet%2Fcontentblob%2F566008%2FpublicationFile%2F31710%2Fvollversion_studie_muslim_leben_deutschland_.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D6B8CD26E2AC179111AF4F75650B84B1A&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-9812115-1-1&amp;rft.pages=80%2C+97&amp;rft.pub=Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr+Migration+und+Fl%C3%BCchtlinge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm">"Religionen in Deutschland: Mitgliederzahlen"</a> (in German). Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst. 31 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Religionen+in+Deutschland%3A+Mitgliederzahlen&amp;rft.date=31+October+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.remid.de%2Fremid_info_zahlen.htm&amp;rft.pub=Religionswissenschaftlicher+Medien-+und+Informationsdienst&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Blake, Mariah (10 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1110/p25s02-woeu.html">"In Nazi cradle, Germany marks Jewish renaissance"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" title="Christian Science Monitor" class="mw-redirect">Christian Science Monitor</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=In+Nazi+cradle%2C+Germany+marks+Jewish+renaissance&amp;rft.au=Blake%2C+Mariah&amp;rft.aulast=Blake%2C+Mariah&amp;rft.date=10+November+2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2006%2F1110%2Fp25s02-woeu.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Schnabel, U. (15 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/2007/12/Buddhismus">"Buddhismus Eine Religion ohne Gott"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i> (in German) (Hamburg)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Buddhismus+Eine+Religion+ohne+Gott&amp;rft.aulast=Schnabel%2C+U.&amp;rft.au=Schnabel%2C+U.&amp;rft.date=15+March+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2007%2F12%2FBuddhismus&amp;rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&amp;rft.place=Hamburg&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Marten-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-Marten_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Marten, Thomas; Sauer, Fritz Joachim, eds. (2005). <i>Länderkunde - Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz und Liechtenstein im Querschnitt</i> [<i>Regional Geography - An Overview of Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein</i>] (in German). Berlin: Inform-Verlag. p.&nbsp;7. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-9805843-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-9805843-1-3">3-9805843-1-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=L%C3%A4nderkunde+-+Deutschland%2C+%C3%96sterreich%2C+Schweiz+und+Liechtenstein+im+Querschnitt&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3-9805843-1-3&amp;rft.pages=7&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Inform-Verlag&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf">"Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Survey)"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(web_portal)" title="Europa (web portal)">Europa (web portal)</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.au=European+Commission&amp;rft.aulast=European+Commission&amp;rft.btitle=Special+Eurobarometer+243%3A+Europeans+and+their+Languages+%28Survey%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_243_en.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Europa+%28web+portal%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span><br>
<span class="citation web"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_en.pdf">"Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Summary)"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(web_portal)" title="Europa (web portal)">Europa (web portal)</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.au=European+Commission&amp;rft.aulast=European+Commission&amp;rft.btitle=Special+Eurobarometer+243%3A+Europeans+and+their+Languages+%28Executive+Summary%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_243_sum_en.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Europa+%28web+portal%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf">"Many tongues, one family. Languages in the European Union"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(web_portal)" title="Europa (web portal)">Europa (web portal)</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.au=European+Commission&amp;rft.aulast=European+Commission&amp;rft.btitle=Many+tongues%2C+one+family.+Languages+in+the+European+Union&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublications%2Fbooklets%2Fmove%2F45%2Fen.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Europa+%28web+portal%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/15731354">"Sprechen Sie Deutsch?"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 18 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 16 April 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Sprechen+Sie+Deutsch%3F&amp;rft.date=18+March+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F15731354&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/university/rankings/">Rankings: Universität Heidelberg in International Comparison</a> - Top Position in Germany, Leading Role in Europe (Heidelberg University)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ED-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-ED_174-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-ED_174-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Germany.pdf">"Country profile: Germany"</a>. Library of Congress. April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Country+profile%3A+Germany&amp;rft.date=April+2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FGermany.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4f43b5c4-a32b-11e1-8f34-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2RApE4hJA">A German model goes global</a> - Dual education following the German role model is replicated around the world (Financial Times)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.cuesta.edu/intlang/german/education.html">"The Educational System in Germany"</a>. Cuesta College. 31 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 16 May 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=The+Educational+System+in+Germany&amp;rft.date=31+August+2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.cuesta.edu%2Fintlang%2Fgerman%2Feducation.html&amp;rft.pub=Cuesta+College&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080822124509/http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_A(EN).htm">"Top 100 World Universities"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_A(EN).htm">the original</a> on 22 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Top+100+World+Universities&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arwu.org%2Frank2008%2FARWU2008_A%28EN%29.htm&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studyineurope.eu/study-in-germany/admission/tuition-fees">"Tuition Fees at university in Germany"</a>. StudyinEurope.eu. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Tuition+Fees+at+university+in+Germany&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studyineurope.eu%2Fstudy-in-germany%2Fadmission%2Ftuition-fees&amp;rft.pub=StudyinEurope.eu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/forschung-und-lehre/ein-zwischenruf-studiengebuehren-was-sonst-12119899.html">"Ein Zwischenruf Studiengebühren? Was sonst!"</a>. faz.net. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 March 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Ein+Zwischenruf++++Studiengeb%C3%BChren%3F+Was+sonst%21&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Ffeuilleton%2Fforschung-und-lehre%2Fein-zwischenruf-studiengebuehren-was-sonst-12119899.html&amp;rft.pub=faz.net&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/studium/mehr-studienanfaenger-denn-je-jetzt-kommt-die-flut-a-774701.html">More people studying in Germany than ever</a> - more than 2.2 million freshmen every year and growing (Spiegel)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/vocational-education-and-training-germanys-dual-system-as-a-role-model/a-15782050">Vocational Education and Training - Germany's Dual System as a Role Model</a> (DW)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/80776/E68952.pdf"><i>Health Care Systems in Transition: Germany</i></a>. European Observatory on Health Care Systems. 2000. p.&nbsp;8. AMS 5012667 (DEU)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 April 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Health+Care+Systems+in+Transition%3A+Germany&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro.who.int%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0010%2F80776%2FE68952.pdf&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.pub=European+Observatory+on+Health+Care+Systems&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krankenkassen.de/gesetzliche-krankenkassen/gesundheitsreform/Gesundheitsreform-zentrale-Punkte-Fragen/">"Die Gesundheitsreform 2007: Was hat sich geändert?"</a>. Krankenkassen.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 16 April 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Die+Gesundheitsreform+2007%3A+Was+hat+sich+ge%C3%A4ndert%3F&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krankenkassen.de%2Fgesetzliche-krankenkassen%2Fgesundheitsreform%2FGesundheitsreform-zentrale-Punkte-Fragen%2F&amp;rft.pub=Krankenkassen.de&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-health-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-health_184-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-health_184-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select.cfm">"Core Health Indicators"</a>. World Health Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 June 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Core+Health+Indicators&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Fwhosis%2Fdatabase%2Fcore%2Fcore_select.cfm&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Gesundheit/Todesursachen/Aktuell.html;jsessionid=B6BD78C7EDB6FE6693DE58EA7B23D148.cae1">"2010: Herz-/Kreislauferkrankungen verursachen 41&nbsp;% aller Todesfälle"</a> (in German). Destatis.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 April 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=2010%3A+Herz-%2FKreislauferkrankungen+verursachen+41+%25+aller+Todesf%C3%A4lle&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FZahlenFakten%2FGesellschaftStaat%2FGesundheit%2FTodesursachen%2FAktuell.html%3Bjsessionid%3DB6BD78C7EDB6FE6693DE58EA7B23D148.cae1&amp;rft.pub=Destatis.de&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-cp-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-cp_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-cp_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Germany.pdf">"Country Profile Germany"</a> (PDF). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>. April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 May 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Country+Profile+Germany&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FGermany.pdf&amp;rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Federal+Research+Division&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span><br>
This article may incorporate text from this source, which is in the public domain.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Wasser, Jeremy (6 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,410135,00.html">"Spätzle Westerns"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Sp%C3%A4tzle+Westerns&amp;rft.aulast=Wasser%2C+Jeremy&amp;rft.au=Wasser%2C+Jeremy&amp;rft.date=6+April+2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2F0%2C1518%2C410135%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online+International&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/0,,8009,00.html">"Unbelievable Multitude"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Unbelievable+Multitude&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2F0%2C%2C8009%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldheritagesite.org/countries/germany.html">"World Heritage Sites in Germany"</a>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 3 October 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=World+Heritage+Sites+in+Germany&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldheritagesite.org%2Fcountries%2Fgermany.html&amp;rft.pub=UNESCO&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Tables_reprint.pdf">"Human Development Report 2010 Table 4 Gender Inequality Index"</a>. United Nations Development Programme. pp.&nbsp;156–160<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 20 April 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2010+Table+4+Gender+Inequality+Index&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2FHDR_2010_EN_Tables_reprint.pdf&amp;rft.pages=156%E2%80%93160&amp;rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/World/News/Germany-extends-gay-rights-20041029">"Germany extends gay rights"</a>. News24. 29 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Germany+extends+gay+rights&amp;rft.date=29+October+2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FWorld%2FNews%2FGermany-extends-gay-rights-20041029&amp;rft.pub=News24&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Heckmann, Friedrich (2003). <i>The Integration of Immigrants in European Societies: national differences and trends of convergence</i>. Lucius &amp; Lucius. pp.&nbsp;51 ff. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8282-0181-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8282-0181-1">978-3-8282-0181-1</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Friedrich&amp;rft.au=Heckmann%2C+Friedrich&amp;rft.aulast=Heckmann&amp;rft.btitle=The+Integration+of+Immigrants+in+European+Societies%3A+national+differences+and+trends+of+convergence&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-8282-0181-1&amp;rft.pages=51+ff&amp;rft.pub=Lucius+%26+Lucius&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfk.com/group/press_information/press_releases/006688/index.en.html">"2010 Anholt-GfK Roper Nation Brands Index"</a> (Press release). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK" title="GfK">GfK</a>. 12 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=2010+Anholt-GfK+Roper+Nation+Brands+Index&amp;rft.date=12+October+2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfk.com%2Fgroup%2Fpress_information%2Fpress_releases%2F006688%2Findex.en.html&amp;rft.pub=GfK&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22624104">"BBC poll: Germany most popular country in the world"</a>. <i>BBC.co.uk</i>. 23 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=BBC+poll%3A+Germany+most+popular+country+in+the+world&amp;rft.date=23+May+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-22624104&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC.co.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">&nbsp; (13 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musikindustrie.de/politik_einzelansicht0/back/110/news/jahrespressekonferenz-des-bvmi/">"Bundesverband Musikindustrie: Deutschland drittgrößter Musikmarkt weltweit"</a>. Musikindustrie.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 February 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.au=%26nbsp%3B&amp;rft.aulast=%26nbsp%3B&amp;rft.btitle=Bundesverband+Musikindustrie%3A+Deutschland+drittgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fter+Musikmarkt+weltweit&amp;rft.date=13+April+2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musikindustrie.de%2Fpolitik_einzelansicht0%2Fback%2F110%2Fnews%2Fjahrespressekonferenz-des-bvmi%2F&amp;rft.pub=Musikindustrie.de&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/kraftwerk-maintain-their-legacy-as-electro-pioneers/a-6497092">"Kraftwerk maintain their legacy as electro-pioneers"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 8 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 14 May 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Kraftwerk+maintain+their+legacy+as+electro-pioneers&amp;rft.date=8+April+2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fkraftwerk-maintain-their-legacy-as-electro-pioneers%2Fa-6497092&amp;rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-autogenerated1_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c19th/artnouveau.htm">"Art Nouveau - Art Nouveau Art"</a>. Huntfor.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 25 March 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Art+Nouveau+-+Art+Nouveau+Art&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huntfor.com%2Farthistory%2Fc19th%2Fartnouveau.htm&amp;rft.pub=Huntfor.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><i>A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture</i>. Oxford University Press. 2006. p.&nbsp;880. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860678-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860678-8">0-19-860678-8</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Architecture+and+Landscape+Architecture&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-860678-8&amp;rft.pages=880&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjell_Espmark" title="Kjell Espmark">Espmark, Kjell</a> (3 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/articles/espmark/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Literature"</a>. Nobelprize.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.au=Espmark%2C+Kjell&amp;rft.aulast=Espmark%2C+Kjell&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature&amp;rft.date=3+December+1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Farticles%2Fespmark%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://land-der-ideen.matrix.de/CDA/facts_printing,4563,0,,en.html">"Land of ideas"</a>. Land-der-ideen.matrix.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Land+of+ideas&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fland-der-ideen.matrix.de%2FCDA%2Ffacts_printing%2C4563%2C0%2C%2Cen.html&amp;rft.pub=Land-der-ideen.matrix.de&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Weidhaas, Peter; Gossage, Carolyn; Wright, Wendy A. (2007). <i>A History of the Frankfurt Book Fair</i>. Dundurn Press Ltd. pp.&nbsp;11 ff. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-744-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-744-0">978-1-55002-744-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.au=Gossage%2C+Carolyn&amp;rft.aulast=Weidhaas&amp;rft.au=Weidhaas%2C+Peter&amp;rft.au=Wright%2C+Wendy+A.&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Frankfurt+Book+Fair&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-55002-744-0&amp;rft.pages=11+ff&amp;rft.pub=Dundurn+Press+Ltd.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Searle, John (1987). "Introduction". <i>The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy</i>. Wiley-Blackwell.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Philosophy&amp;rft.aulast=Searle%2C+John&amp;rft.au=Searle%2C+John&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scififilmhistory.com/index.php?pageID=metro">SciFi Film History - Metropolis (1927)</a> - <i>Although the first science fiction film is generally agreed to be Georges Méliès' A Trip To The Moon (1902), Metropolis (1927) is the first feature length outing of the genre.</i> (scififilmhistory.com, retrieved 15 May 2013)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bordwell" title="David Bordwell">Bordwell, David</a>; Thompson, Kristin (2003) [1994]. "The Introduction of Sound". <i>Film History: An Introduction</i> (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p.&nbsp;204. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-115141-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-115141-2">978-0-07-115141-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Film+History%3A+An+Introduction&amp;rft.au=Bordwell%2C+David&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Bordwell&amp;rft.btitle=The+Introduction+of+Sound&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-07-115141-2&amp;rft.pages=204&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fassbinderfoundation.de/node.php/en/home">"Rainer Werner Fassbinder"</a>. Fassbinder Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Rainer+Werner+Fassbinder&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fassbinderfoundation.de%2Fnode.php%2Fen%2Fhome&amp;rft.pub=Fassbinder+Foundation&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiapf.org/pdf/2006accreditedFestivalsDirectory.pdf">"2006 FIAPF accredited Festivals Directory"</a>. International Federation of Film Producers Associations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=2006+FIAPF+accredited+Festivals+Directory&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiapf.org%2Fpdf%2F2006accreditedFestivalsDirectory.pdf&amp;rft.pub=International+Federation+of+Film+Producers+Associations&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0405094/awards">"Awards:Das Leben der Anderen"</a>. IMDb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Awards%3ADas+Leben+der+Anderen&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0405094%2Fawards&amp;rft.pub=IMDb&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1047864.stm">"Country profile: Germany"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Country+profile%3A+Germany&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1047864.stm&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quotenmeter.de/cms/?p1=n&p2=43347&p3=">"Die Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft: Eine Quoten-Übersicht"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Die+Fu%C3%9Fball-Weltmeisterschaft%3A+Eine+Quoten-%C3%9Cbersicht&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quotenmeter.de%2Fcms%2F%3Fp1%3Dn%26p2%3D43347%26p3%3D&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanfoods.org/consumer/facts/guidetoham.cfm">"Guide to German Hams and Sausages"</a>. German Foods North America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 17 May 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Guide+to+German+Hams+and+Sausages&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanfoods.org%2Fconsumer%2Ffacts%2Fguidetoham.cfm&amp;rft.pub=German+Foods+North+America&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/organicag/display/work/display_2.asp?country=DEU&lang=en&disp=summaries">"Germany Country Profiles for Organic Agriculture"</a>. Food and Agriculture Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 May 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Germany+Country+Profiles+for+Organic+Agriculture&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Forganicag%2Fdisplay%2Fwork%2Fdisplay_2.asp%3Fcountry%3DDEU%26lang%3Den%26disp%3Dsummaries&amp;rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Schneibel, Gerhard (23 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,5489225,00.html">"Brewers not worried by beer consumption drop"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i> (Bonn)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 April 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Brewers+not+worried+by+beer+consumption+drop&amp;rft.aulast=Schneibel%2C+Gerhard&amp;rft.au=Schneibel%2C+Gerhard&amp;rft.date=23+April+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C5489225%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&amp;rft.place=Bonn&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,2914502_page_0,00.html">"Schnitzel Outcooks Spaghetti in Michelin Guide"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i> (Bonn). 15 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 April 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=Schnitzel+Outcooks+Spaghetti+in+Michelin+Guide&amp;rft.date=15+November+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C2914502_page_0%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&amp;rft.place=Bonn&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/2007/11/14/us-germany-food-idINL1447732320071114">"German cuisine beats Italy, Spain in gourmet stars"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 28 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=German+cuisine+beats+Italy%2C+Spain+in+gourmet+stars&amp;rft.date=28+March+2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2007%2F11%2F14%2Fus-germany-food-idINL1447732320071114&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-sports-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-sports_216-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-sports_216-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-sports_216-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germany.info/relaunch/culture/life/sports.html">"Germany Info: Culture &amp; Life: Sports"</a>. Germany Embassy in Washington, D.C<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Germany+Info%3A+Culture+%26+Life%3A+Sports&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germany.info%2Frelaunch%2Fculture%2Flife%2Fsports.html&amp;rft.pub=Germany+Embassy+in+Washington%2C+D.C&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Ornstein, David (23 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2006/oct/23/formulaone.sport">"What we will miss about Michael Schumacher"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (UK)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.atitle=What+we+will+miss+about+Michael+Schumacher&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Ornstein&amp;rft.au=Ornstein%2C+David&amp;rft.date=23+October+2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fsport%2F2006%2Foct%2F23%2Fformulaone.sport&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.place=UK&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/medallists-results?athletename=&category=343488&games=1333952&sport=&event=&mengender=false&womengender=false&mixedgender=false&teamclassification=false&individualclassification=false&continent=&country=&goldmedal=true&silvermedal=true&bronzemedal=true&worldrecord=false&olympicrecord=false&targetresults=true">"Beijing 2008 Medal Table"</a>. International Olympic Committee<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Beijing+2008+Medal+Table&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fmedallists-results%3Fathletename%3D%26category%3D343488%26games%3D1333952%26sport%3D%26event%3D%26mengender%3Dfalse%26womengender%3Dfalse%26mixedgender%3Dfalse%26teamclassification%3Dfalse%26individualclassification%3Dfalse%26continent%3D%26country%3D%26goldmedal%3Dtrue%26silvermedal%3Dtrue%26bronzemedal%3Dtrue%26worldrecord%3Dfalse%26olympicrecord%3Dfalse%26targetresults%3Dtrue&amp;rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/medallists-results?athletename=&category=343486&games=1334152&sport=&event=&mengender=false&womengender=false&mixedgender=false&teamclassification=false&individualclassification=false&continent=&country=&goldmedal=true&silvermedal=true&bronzemedal=true&worldrecord=false&olympicrecord=false&targetresults=true&sortorder=medal&sortorder=country">"Turin 2006 Medal Table"</a>. International Olympic Committee<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.btitle=Turin+2006+Medal+Table&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fmedallists-results%3Fathletename%3D%26category%3D343486%26games%3D1334152%26sport%3D%26event%3D%26mengender%3Dfalse%26womengender%3Dfalse%26mixedgender%3Dfalse%26teamclassification%3Dfalse%26individualclassification%3Dfalse%26continent%3D%26country%3D%26goldmedal%3Dtrue%26silvermedal%3Dtrue%26bronzemedal%3Dtrue%26worldrecord%3Dfalse%26olympicrecord%3Dfalse%26targetresults%3Dtrue%26sortorder%3Dmedal%26sortorder%3Dcountry&amp;rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<dl>
<dt>Work cited</dt>
</dl>
<p><span class="citation book">Fulbrook, Mary (1991). <i>A Concise History of Germany</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36836-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36836-0">978-0-521-36836-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary&amp;rft.au=Fulbrook%2C+Mary&amp;rft.aulast=Fulbrook&amp;rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Germany&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-36836-0&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<td><a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Germany">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td>
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<td><a href="http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Germany" class="extiw" title="voy:Germany">Travel guide</a> from Wikivoyage</td>
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<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17299607">Germany profile</a> from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutschland.de/en">www.deutschland.de</a> – Topical multilingual website about Germany</li>
<li><img alt="" src="./germany_files/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x"> <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Germany">Wikimedia Atlas of Germany</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/">Deutsche Welle</a> – Germany's international broadcaster</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html">Germany</a> entry at <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/germany.htm">Germany</a> at <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/Germany/">Germany</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project" title="Open Directory Project">Open Directory Project</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/">Facts about Germany</a> – by the German Federal Foreign Office</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/EN/Homepage.html">Destatis.de</a> – Federal Statistical Office Germany</li>
<li><img alt="" src="./germany_files/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x"> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/51477">Germany</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DE">Key Development Forecasts for Germany</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>Government</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesregierung.de/Webs/Breg/EN/Homepage/_node.html">Official site of the Government</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundespraesident.de/EN/Home/home_node.html">Official site of the Federal Presidents</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/Webs/BK/En/Homepage/home.html">Official site of German Chancellor</a></li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>Tourism</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germany.travel/en/index.html">Official Germany Tourism Website</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:110%;"><strong class="selflink">Germany</strong>&nbsp;topics</div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History</a></th>
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<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li>
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<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Empire" title="Frankish Empire" class="mw-redirect">Frankish Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Colonisation" title="East Colonisation" class="mw-redirect">East Colonisation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)" class="mw-redirect">Divided Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II" class="mw-redirect">Expulsions</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" title="History of Germany since 1990">Reunified Germany</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Germany" title="Category:Lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Governance</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag"><i>Bundestag</i> <small style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr"><i>Bundeswehr</i> <small style="font-size:85%;">(military)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Chancellor_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany">Chancellor</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Germany" title="LGBT rights in Germany">LGBT</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_industry_in_Germany" title="Automobile industry in Germany" class="mw-redirect">Automobile industry</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Germany" title="Category:Mining in Germany">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand"><i>Mittelstand</i> companies</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_society" title="Category:German society">Society</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Afro-Germans</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Turks" title="German Turks" class="mw-redirect">German Turks</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_dance" title="German dance">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Germany" title="Media of Germany">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_in_Germany" title="Smoking in Germany">Smoking</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Germany-related_articles" title="Index of Germany-related articles">Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;font-weight:bold;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Germany" title="Book:Germany">Book</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Germany" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany">WikiProject</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
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<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template talk:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li>
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</div>
<div style="font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="./germany_files/germany.html" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States of the</a> <strong class="selflink">Federal Republic of Germany</strong></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">States</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> (since 1952)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_(striped).svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (since 1949)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (since 1990)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> (since 1949)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> (since 1949)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> (since 1990)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> (since 1949)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> (since 1949)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> (since 1957)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> (since 1990)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> (since 1990)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> (since 1949)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> (since 1990)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;">
<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:States_of_Germany.svg" class="image" title="States of Germany"><img alt="States of Germany" src="./germany_files/70px-States_of_Germany.svg.png" width="70" height="95" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/105px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/140px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 2x"></a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/46px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (since 1990)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> (since 1949)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (since 1949)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Former states</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">Baden (south)</a> (1949–1952)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Germany_(3-2_aspect_ratio).svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="flagicon">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> (1949–1952)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;" id="collapsibleTable3">
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;;"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton3" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#">show</a>]</span><span style="float:left;width:6em;">&nbsp;</span>
<div style="font-size:110%;">Geographic locale</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px;font-size:113%;;">
<div style="padding:0px;;">
<table class="navbox" style="text-align: center; width:80%; font-size:95%; margin:0.5em auto">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:0%; padding-right:5px" rowspan="5">
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/50px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/75px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/100px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 2x"></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="width:33%"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></i><br>
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td>
<td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td>
<td style="width:33%"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></i></td>
<td style="width:0%; padding-left:5px" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/50px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/75px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/100px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 2x"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><br>
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td>
<td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/17px-North.svg.png" width="17" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/26px-North.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/34px-North.svg.png 2x"></td>
<td style="width:33%" rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><br>
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:33%">
<table style="width:100%">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:50%; text-align:right">
<div class="floatright"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/17px-West.svg.png" width="17" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/26px-West.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/34px-West.svg.png 2x"></div>
</td>
<td style="width:0%; text-align: center" nowrap="nowrap">&nbsp; <b><span class="flagicon"><a href="./germany_files/germany.html" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Germany</a></b> &nbsp;</td>
<td style="width:50%; text-align:left">
<div class="floatleft"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/17px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png" width="17" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/26px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/34px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 2x"></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/17px-South.svg.png" width="17" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/26px-South.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/34px-South.svg.png 2x"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td>
<td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" width="16" height="16" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> • <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td>
<td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;" id="collapsibleTable4">
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton4" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#">show</a>]</span>
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Europe" title="Template:Countries of Europe"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Countries of Europe"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_of_Europe&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li>
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</div>
<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Germany</strong></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding:0 0.5em;;">
<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img alt="Europe (orthographic projection).svg" src="./germany_files/100px-Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg.png" width="100" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x"></a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br>
recognition</a></div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Republic of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Republic">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br>
other territories</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Denmark</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Finland</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land_Islands" title="Åland Islands">Åland Islands</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">United Kingdom</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="tfd" style="background-color: transparent; padding: 0; font-size:xx-small; color:#000000; text-align: center; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;">‹ The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">template</a> below (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea">Countries bordering the Baltic Sea</a></i>) is being considered for deletion. See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2013_August_27#Template:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2013 August 27">templates for discussion</a> to help reach a consensus.›</div>
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<div style="font-size:110%;">Countries bordering the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><strong class="selflink">Germany</strong></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tbody><tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;" id="collapsibleTable6">
<tbody><tr>
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<div style="font-size:110%;">International membership</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px;font-size:113%;;">
<div style="padding:0px;;">
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<tbody><tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
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<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Germany</strong></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>Member states by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_political_system" title="List of European Union member states by political system">political system</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union#Economic_variation" title="Economy of the European Union">GDP</a></div>
</td>
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</td>
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<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">History</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_summit" title="NATO summit">Summit</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Operations" title="NATO Operations">Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">Enlargement</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;">
<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_NATO.svg" class="image" title="Flag of NATO"><img alt="Flag of NATO" src="./germany_files/60px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" width="60" height="45" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/90px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/120px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x"></a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Structure</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council" title="North Atlantic Council">North Atlantic Council (NAC)</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation" title="Allied Command Transformation">Allied Command Transformation (ACT)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">People</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO" title="Secretary General of NATO">Secretary General</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee" title="Chairman of the NATO Military Committee">Chairman of the NATO Military Committee (CMC)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe#Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe_.28SACEUR.29" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation#Organization" title="Allied Command Transformation">Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO" title="Member states of NATO">Members</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Armed_Forces" title="Belgian Armed Forces">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Bulgaria" title="Military of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces" title="Canadian Forces">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Croatia" title="Military of Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Military of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Defence" title="Danish Defence">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Estonia" title="Military of Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">France</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Greece" title="Military of Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Force" title="Hungarian Defence Force">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Iceland" title="Military of Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Latvia" title="Military of Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Armed_Forces" title="Lithuanian Armed Forces">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Army" title="Luxembourg Army">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Armed forces of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Armed_Forces" title="Norwegian Armed Forces">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Slovakia" title="Military of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Slovenia" title="Military of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton9" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#">show</a>]</span>
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<li class="nv-view"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Template:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Template talk:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">History</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD_Anti-Bribery_Convention" title="OECD Anti-Bribery Convention">OECD Anti-Bribery Convention</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Guidelines</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD_Guidelines_for_Multinational_Enterprises" title="OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises">Multinational Enterprises</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD_Guidelines_for_the_Testing_of_Chemicals" title="OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals">Testing of Chemicals</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Members</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><strong class="selflink">Germany</strong></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" width="16" height="16" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8" title="G8">Group of Eight (G8)</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Members</th>
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<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Germany</strong></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li>
</ul>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Representative</th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies" title="G-20 major economies">Group of Twenty (G-20)</a></div>
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<ul>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="./germany_files/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="./germany_files/germany.html" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <strong class="selflink">Germany</strong></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="./germany_files/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x"></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></div>
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<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">System</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
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<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_accession_and_membership" title="World Trade Organization accession and membership" class="mw-redirect">Accession and membership</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">Appellate Body</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Timeline of the World Trade Organization">Chronology of key events</a></li>
</ul>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Issues</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Criticism of the World Trade Organization">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quota_Elimination" title="Quota Elimination">Quota Elimination</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Clause" title="Peace Clause">Peace Clause</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Agreements</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture" title="Agreement on Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade" title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">Technical Barriers to Trade</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade_Related_Investment_Measures" title="Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures">Trade Related Investment Measures</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">Trade in Services</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights" class="mw-redirect">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement" title="Agreement on Government Procurement">Government Procurement</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement" title="Information Technology Agreement">Information Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakech_Agreement" title="Marrakech Agreement">Marrakech Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Declaration" title="Doha Declaration">Doha Declaration</a></li>
</ul>
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</td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conferences" title="List of World Trade Organization Ministerial Conferences">Ministerial Conferences</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996">1st (1996)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998">2nd (1998)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">3rd (1999)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">4th (2001)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003">5th (2003)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">6th (2005)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2009" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009">7th (2009)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011">8th (2011)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">People</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a> (Elected Director-General)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a> (Former Director-General)</li>
<li>Deputy Directors-General:
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" title="Alejandro Jara">Alejandro Jara</a></li>
<li>Valentine Rugwabiza</li>
<li>Harsha Singh</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" title="Rufus Yerxa">Rufus Yerxa</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Members</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" title="Economy of Belize">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Burma" title="Economy of Burma">Burma</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde" title="Economy of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Economy of the People&#39;s Republic of China" class="mw-redirect">China</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Economy of Côte d&#39;Ivoire" class="mw-redirect">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" title="Economy of Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">European Union</a>¹</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji" title="Economy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" title="Economy of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" title="Economy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" title="Economy of Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Economy of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" title="Economy of Guyana">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>²</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea#Economy" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" title="Economy of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a>²</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Economy of the Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" title="Economy of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Economy of Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Economy of the Solomon Islands" class="mw-redirect">Solomon Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Suriname" title="Economy of Suriname">Suriname</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Swaziland" title="Economy of Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Chinese Taipei</a>³</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tanzania" title="Economy of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tonga" title="Economy of Tonga">Tonga</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tunisia" title="Economy of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda" title="Economy of Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay" title="Economy of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of Zambia">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<p><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%">1. All twenty-eight member states of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> are also members of the WTO in their own right:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Austria</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Belgium</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Croatia</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Denmark</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Estonia</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Finland</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">France</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Hungary</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Latvia</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Malta</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Romania</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Sweden</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%">2. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_region_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special administrative region of the People&#39;s Republic of China" class="mw-redirect">Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China</a>, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China".</span></p>
<span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%">3. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu</a>"</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;" id="collapsibleTable13">
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton13" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#">show</a>]</span>
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Council_of_Europe&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li>
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</div>
<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Institutions</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;">
<div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carte_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe.png" class="image" title="Gold: founding member. Blue: Later (current) full members."><img alt="Gold: founding member. Blue: Later (current) full members." src="./germany_files/120px-Carte_du_Conseil_de_l'Europe.png" width="120" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Carte_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe.png/180px-Carte_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Carte_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe.png/240px-Carte_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe.png 2x"></a></div>
</td>
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<td></td>
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<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Members</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Germany</strong></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Observers</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Former Members</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_(protectorate)" title="Saar (protectorate)">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller;;">
<div><sup>1</sup>&nbsp;Provisionally referred to by the Council of Europe as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a>.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;" id="collapsibleTable14">
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton14" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#">show</a>]</span>
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:OSCE" title="Template:OSCE"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:OSCE" title="Template talk:OSCE"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:OSCE&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Members</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></span></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Germany</strong></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Partners for<br>
Cooperation</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px; display: none;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr style="display: none;">
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Bodies and posts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODIHR" title="ODIHR" class="mw-redirect">ODIHR</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Commissioner_on_National_Minorities" title="High Commissioner on National Minorities">Commissioner on National Minorities</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCE_Representative_on_Freedom_of_the_Media" title="OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media">Representative on Freedom of the Media</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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			<li class="interwiki-bxr"><a href="http://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Германи" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr">Буряад</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ca"><a href="http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-cv"><a href="http://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Германи" lang="cv" hreflang="cv">Чӑвашла</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ceb"><a href="http://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb">Cebuano</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-cs"><a href="http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmecko" title="Německo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Česky</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-cbk-zam"><a href="http://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania" lang="cbk-zam" hreflang="cbk-zam">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-tum"><a href="http://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany" lang="tum" hreflang="tum">ChiTumbuka</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-co"><a href="http://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania" lang="co" hreflang="co">Corsu</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-cy"><a href="http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Almaen" title="Yr Almaen" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-da GA" title="This is a good article in this language."><a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-pdc"><a href="http://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc">Deitsch</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-de"><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-dv"><a href="http://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" style="font-family: FreeFont-Thaana, sans-serif;">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-nv"><a href="http://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_Bich%CA%BCahii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah" lang="nv" hreflang="nv">Diné bizaad</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-dsb"><a href="http://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimska" title="Nimska" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb">Dolnoserbski</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-dz"><a href="http://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2" title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" style="font-family: Jomolhari, sans-serif;">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-et"><a href="http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksamaa" title="Saksamaa" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-el"><a href="http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γερμανία" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-eml"><a href="http://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A2gna" title="Germâgna" lang="eml" hreflang="eml">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-myv"><a href="http://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Германия Мастор" lang="myv" hreflang="myv">Эрзянь</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-es GA" title="This is a good article in this language."><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-eo GA" title="This is a good article in this language."><a href="http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ext"><a href="http://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña" lang="ext" hreflang="ext">Estremeñu</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-eu"><a href="http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ee"><a href="http://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany" lang="ee" hreflang="ee">Eʋegbe</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-fa"><a href="http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-hif"><a href="http://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany" lang="hif" hreflang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-fo"><a href="http://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BDskland" title="Týskland" lang="fo" hreflang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-fr"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-fy"><a href="http://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAtsl%C3%A2n" title="Dútslân" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ff"><a href="http://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaanya" title="Almaanya" lang="ff" hreflang="ff">Fulfulde</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-fur"><a href="http://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermanie" title="Gjermanie" lang="fur" hreflang="fur">Furlan</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ga"><a href="http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1in" title="An Ghearmáin" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-gv FA" title="This is a featured article in this language."><a href="http://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghermaan" title="Yn Ghermaan" lang="gv" hreflang="gv">Gaelg</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-gag"><a href="http://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya" lang="gag" hreflang="gag">Gagauz</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-gd"><a href="http://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ghearmailt" title="A&#39; Ghearmailt" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-gl FA" title="This is a featured article in this language."><a href="http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-gan"><a href="http://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國" lang="gan" hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ki"><a href="http://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany" lang="ki" hreflang="ki">Gĩkũyũ</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-glk"><a href="http://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان" lang="glk" hreflang="glk">گیلکی</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-gu"><a href="http://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80" title="જર્મની" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" style="font-family: &#39;Lohit Gujarati&#39;, sans-serif;">ગુજરાતી</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-got"><a href="http://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" lang="got" hreflang="got">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-hak"><a href="http://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet-koet" title="Tet-koet" lang="hak" hreflang="hak">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-xal"><a href="http://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%86%D3%99%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн" lang="xal" hreflang="xal">Хальмг</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ko"><a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC" title="독일" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ha"><a href="http://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamus" title="Jamus" lang="ha" hreflang="ha">Hausa</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-haw"><a href="http://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelem%C4%81nia" title="Kelemānia" lang="haw" hreflang="haw">Hawai`i</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-hy"><a href="http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Գերմանիա" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-hi"><a href="http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" style="font-family: &#39;Lohit Devanagari&#39;, sans-serif;">हिन्दी</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-hsb"><a href="http://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmska" title="Němska" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb">Hornjoserbsce</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-hr FA" title="This is a featured article in this language."><a href="http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-io"><a href="http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ig"><a href="http://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9man%E1%BB%8B" title="Jémanị" lang="ig" hreflang="ig">Igbo</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ilo"><a href="http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-bpy"><a href="http://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="জার্মানি" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" style="font-family: &#39;Siyam Rupali&#39;, sans-serif;">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-id"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ia"><a href="http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ie"><a href="http://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania" lang="ie" hreflang="ie">Interlingue</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-iu"><a href="http://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%94%AE%E1%92%AA%E1%93%82" title="ᔮᒪᓂ" lang="iu" hreflang="iu">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-os"><a href="http://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Герман" lang="os" hreflang="os">Ирон</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-xh"><a href="http://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJamani" title="IJamani" lang="xh" hreflang="xh">IsiXhosa</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-zu"><a href="http://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimani" title="IJalimani" lang="zu" hreflang="zu">IsiZulu</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-is"><a href="http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland" title="Þýskaland" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-it"><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-he"><a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="גרמניה" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-jv"><a href="http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-kl"><a href="http://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskit_Nunaat" title="Tyskit Nunaat" lang="kl" hreflang="kl">Kalaallisut</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-kn"><a href="http://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" style="font-family: &#39;Lohit Kannada&#39;, sans-serif;">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-pam"><a href="http://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania" lang="pam" hreflang="pam">Kapampangan</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-krc"><a href="http://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия" lang="krc" hreflang="krc">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ka"><a href="http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანია" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-csb"><a href="http://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miemieck%C3%B4" title="Miemieckô" lang="csb" hreflang="csb">Kaszëbsczi</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-kk"><a href="http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Германия Федеративтік Республикасы" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-kw"><a href="http://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almayn" title="Almayn" lang="kw" hreflang="kw">Kernowek</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-rw"><a href="http://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudage" title="Ubudage" lang="rw" hreflang="rw">Kinyarwanda</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-rn"><a href="http://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudagi" title="Ubudagi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn">Kirundi</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-sw"><a href="http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujerumani" title="Ujerumani" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-kv"><a href="http://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия" lang="kv" hreflang="kv">Коми</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-kg"><a href="http://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanyi" title="Alemanyi" lang="kg" hreflang="kg">Kongo</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ht"><a href="http://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almay" title="Almay" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ku"><a href="http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ky"><a href="http://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия" lang="ky" hreflang="ky">Кыргызча</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-lad"><a href="http://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almania" title="Almania" lang="lad" hreflang="lad">Ladino</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-lez"><a href="http://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия" lang="lez" hreflang="lez">Лезги</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-lo"><a href="http://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo">ລາວ</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ltg"><a href="http://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoceja" title="Vuoceja" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg">Latgaļu</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-la"><a href="http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-lv FA" title="This is a featured article in this language."><a href="http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cija" title="Vācija" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-lb"><a href="http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4itschland" title="Däitschland" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-lt GA" title="This is a good article in this language."><a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietija" title="Vokietija" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-lij"><a href="http://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania" lang="lij" hreflang="lij">Ligure</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-li"><a href="http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsjlandj" title="Duutsjlandj" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ln"><a href="http://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A9mani" title="Alémani" lang="ln" hreflang="ln">Lingála</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-jbo"><a href="http://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotygu%27e" title="dotygu&#39;e" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo">Lojban</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-lg"><a href="http://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girimane" title="Girimane" lang="lg" hreflang="lg">Luganda</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-lmo"><a href="http://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo">Lumbaart</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-hu"><a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9metorsz%C3%A1g" title="Németország" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-mk FA" title="This is a featured article in this language."><a href="http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Германија" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-mg"><a href="http://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaina" title="Alemaina" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ml"><a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ജർമ്മനി" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-mt"><a href="http://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0ermanja" title="Ġermanja" lang="mt" hreflang="mt">Malti</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-mi"><a href="http://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamana" title="Tiamana" lang="mi" hreflang="mi">Māori</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-mr FA" title="This is a featured article in this language."><a href="http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" style="font-family: &#39;Lohit Marathi&#39;, sans-serif;">मराठी</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-xmf"><a href="http://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანია" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf">მარგალური</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-arz"><a href="http://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="المانيا" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-mzn"><a href="http://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn">مازِرونی</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ms"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-min"><a href="http://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman" lang="min" hreflang="min">Baso Minangkabau</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-cdo"><a href="http://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1ik-gu%C3%B3k" title="Dáik-guók" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" style="font-family: CharisSIL, sans-serif;">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-mwl"><a href="http://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanha" title="Almanha" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-mdf"><a href="http://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Германие мастор" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf">Мокшень</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-mn"><a href="http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Герман" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-my"><a href="http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ" lang="my" hreflang="my" style="font-family: TharLon, sans-serif;">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-nah FA" title="This is a featured article in this language."><a href="http://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutontl%C4%81lpan" title="Teutontlālpan" lang="nah" hreflang="nah">Nāhuatl</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-na"><a href="http://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djermani" title="Djermani" lang="na" hreflang="na">Dorerin Naoero</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-nl"><a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="http://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutslaand" title="Duutslaand" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL">Nedersaksies</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ne"><a href="http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" style="font-family: &#39;Lohit Nepali&#39;, sans-serif;">नेपाली</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-new"><a href="http://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी" lang="new" hreflang="new">नेपाल भाषा</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ja"><a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84" title="ドイツ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-nap"><a href="http://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania" lang="nap" hreflang="nap">Napulitano</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ce"><a href="http://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Германи" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">Нохчийн</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-frr"><a href="http://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%C3%BCschl%C3%B6nj" title="Tjüschlönj" lang="frr" hreflang="frr">Nordfriisk</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-pih"><a href="http://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doichland" title="Doichland" lang="pih" hreflang="pih">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-no"><a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-nn"><a href="http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-nrm"><a href="http://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemangne" title="Allemangne" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm">Nouormand</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-nov"><a href="http://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania" lang="nov" hreflang="nov">Novial</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-oc"><a href="http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-mhr"><a href="http://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%87_%D0%AD%D0%BB" title="Немыч Эл" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr">Олык марий</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-or"><a href="http://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80" title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ" lang="or" hreflang="or" style="font-family: &#39;Lohit Oriya&#39;, sans-serif;">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-uz"><a href="http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmoniya" title="Olmoniya" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-pa"><a href="http://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਰਮਨੀ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" style="font-family: &#39;Lohit Punjabi&#39;, sans-serif;">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-pfl"><a href="http://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daitschlond" title="Daitschlond" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl">Pälzisch</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-pag"><a href="http://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya" lang="pag" hreflang="pag">Pangasinan</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-pnb"><a href="http://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جرمنی" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-pap"><a href="http://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania" lang="pap" hreflang="pap">Papiamentu</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ps"><a href="http://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-koi"><a href="http://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Немечму" lang="koi" hreflang="koi">Перем Коми</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-km"><a href="http://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់" lang="km" hreflang="km" style="font-family: KhmerOSbattambang, sans-serif;">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-pcd"><a href="http://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanne" title="Alemanne" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd">Picard</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-pms"><a href="http://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%ABrmania" title="Gërmania" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-tpi"><a href="http://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi">Tok Pisin</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-nds"><a href="http://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtschland" title="Düütschland" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-pl"><a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemcy" title="Niemcy" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-pnt"><a href="http://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γερμανία" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt">Ποντιακά</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-pt FA" title="This is a featured article in this language."><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-kaa"><a href="http://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-crh"><a href="http://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya" lang="crh" hreflang="crh">Qırımtatarca</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ty"><a href="http://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heremani" title="Heremani" lang="ty" hreflang="ty">Reo Mā`ohi</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ksh"><a href="http://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCtschland" title="Dütschland" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh">Ripoarisch</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ro"><a href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-rmy"><a href="http://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaniya" title="Jermaniya" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy">Romani</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-rm"><a href="http://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania" lang="rm" hreflang="rm">Rumantsch</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-qu"><a href="http://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimanya" title="Alimanya" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-rue"><a href="http://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Нїмецько" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Русиньскый</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-sah"><a href="http://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха тыла</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-se"><a href="http://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiska" title="Duiska" lang="se" hreflang="se">Sámegiella</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-sm"><a href="http://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani" lang="sm" hreflang="sm">Gagana Samoa</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-sa"><a href="http://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" style="font-family: &#39;Lohit Devanagari&#39;, sans-serif;">संस्कृतम्</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-sc"><a href="http://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A0nia" title="Germània" lang="sc" hreflang="sc">Sardu</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-sco"><a href="http://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-stq"><a href="http://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsklound" title="Düütsklound" lang="stq" hreflang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-sq FA" title="This is a featured article in this language."><a href="http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermania" title="Gjermania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-scn"><a href="http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girmania" title="Girmania" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-si"><a href="http://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ජර්මනිය" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-simple"><a href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ss"><a href="http://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimane" title="IJalimane" lang="ss" hreflang="ss">SiSwati</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-sk"><a href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemecko" title="Nemecko" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-sl"><a href="http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C4%8Dija" title="Nemčija" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-cu"><a href="http://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%A3%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Нѣмьци" lang="cu" hreflang="cu">Словѣ́ньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-szl"><a href="http://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjymcy" title="Mjymcy" lang="szl" hreflang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-so"><a href="http://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmalka" title="Jarmalka" lang="so" hreflang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ckb"><a href="http://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئاڵمانیا" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-srn"><a href="http://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doysrikondre" title="Doysrikondre" lang="srn" hreflang="srn">Sranantongo</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-sr"><a href="http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Немачка" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-sh"><a href="http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nema%C4%8Dka" title="Nemačka" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-su"><a href="http://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9rman" title="Jérman" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-fi"><a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-sv"><a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-tl"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ta"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="செருமனி" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-kab"><a href="http://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman" lang="kab" hreflang="kab">Taqbaylit</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-roa-tara"><a href="http://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanie" title="Germanie" lang="roa-Tara" hreflang="roa-Tara">Tarandíne</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-tt"><a href="http://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Алмания" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-te"><a href="http://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80" title="జర్మనీ" lang="te" hreflang="te" style="font-family: &#39;Lohit Telugu&#39;, sans-serif;">తెలుగు</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-tet"><a href="http://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña" lang="tet" hreflang="tet">Tetun</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-th"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศเยอรมนี" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ti"><a href="http://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95" title="ጀርመን" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" style="font-family: AbyssinicaSIL, sans-serif;">ትግርኛ</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-tg"><a href="http://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Олмон" lang="tg" hreflang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-chr"><a href="http://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%A5" title="ᎠᏛᏥ" lang="chr" hreflang="chr">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-chy"><a href="http://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ev%C3%A9%27ho%27%C3%A9no" title="Ma&#39;evé&#39;ho&#39;éno" lang="chy" hreflang="chy">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-tr FA" title="This is a featured article in this language."><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-tk"><a href="http://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani%C3%BDa" title="Germaniýa" lang="tk" hreflang="tk">Türkmençe</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-tw"><a href="http://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyaaman" title="Gyaaman" lang="tw" hreflang="tw">Twi</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-udm"><a href="http://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия" lang="udm" hreflang="udm">Удмурт</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-bug"><a href="http://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" style="font-family: Saweri, sans-serif;">ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-uk"><a href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Німеччина" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ur"><a href="http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جرمنی" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-ug"><a href="http://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="گېرمانىيە" lang="ug" hreflang="ug">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-za"><a href="http://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwzgoz" title="Dwzgoz" lang="za" hreflang="za">Vahcuengh</a></li>
			<li class="interwiki-vec"><a href="http://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania" lang="vec" hreflang="vec">Vèneto</a></li>
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